Takayasu Arteritis and Polyarteritis Nodosa

<p>Strawberry-like</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Medium-sized arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Involvement of the nails</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The size of affected arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Upper gastrointestinal hemorrhages</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rapid growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Younger than 50 years old</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unknown</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Varicose veins in the esophagus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Good response to immunosuppressive agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Believed to have an immune basis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mediate the immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Causes vessel stenosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Venous inflammation typically involves the formation of fibrous tissue encasing veins and surrounding structures, which is less common in other systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The hormonal fluctuations associated with pregnancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The weakening and dilation of veins due to prolonged pressure and inflammation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inflammation weakens the vein walls, leading to their dilation and increased susceptibility to pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Obesity increases the risk of varicose veins by increasing pressure on veins in the legs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Age.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The legs and feet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It highlights the complex network of veins in the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kaposi's Sarcoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>More than 80%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is associated with HIV infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is locally aggressive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Benign hemangiomas and Kaposi's Sarcoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is 1000-fold higher.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adenocarcinoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is locally aggressive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Angiosarcoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Macules to plaques</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Angiosarcoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Angiosarcoma patches</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic liver disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Skin and soft tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Patches and nodules</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Shrapnel</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Four forms of KS are based on population demographics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prolonged immobility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One or more components of T-cell function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Older men of Mediterranean or Eastern European descent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Impaired T-cell function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypercoagulability is recognized as a risk factor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kaposi's Sarcoma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Impaired T-cell response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kaposi's Sarcoma, with an incidence 1000-fold higher than in the general population</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are extremely aggressive, with a high incidence and rapid progression</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Locally aggressive and metastatic behavior, which has significant implications for treatment and prognosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It implies that the absence of an effective T-cell response contributes to the development of Kaposi's Sarcoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Angiosarcomas can arise in the setting of lymphedema, and may progress from benign-appearing lesions to aggressive and metastatic tumors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Radiation therapy targets the vasculature, which can lead to the development of angiosarcoma in rare cases</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are locally aggressive and rapidly progressive, which has important implications for treatment and prognosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The immune system plays a crucial role in the development and progression of tumors of blood vessels and lymphatics, particularly in the context of HIV infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Features include edema, redness, swelling, and pain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Age over 50, along with factors like male sex, is associated with increased extremes of risk.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DVTs typically produce few identifiable signs or symptoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pain can be exacerbated by pressure applied over affected veins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It usually presents as a benign condition but can follow an indolent or aggressive course.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Despite increased risk, many DVT cases do not show recurring symptoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The lymphatic system can become involved, especially in conditions like lymphedema.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Male sex and age over 50 years are significant demographic factors affecting risk.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tobacco smoke exposure can contribute to vascular infections by damaging the endothelium and potentially facilitating bacterial spread.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Septicemia may lead to bacteremia, directly affecting blood vessels and possibly causing endocarditis-related complications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reactively, components in tobacco smoke can weaken arterial walls, potentially leading to aneurysms or thrombosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The immune response may modify vessel wall components, leading to structural changes that foster thrombosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Certain HLA-types are more susceptible to immune injury, facilitating the progression of vascular diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endocarditis can lead to embolization and vascular infection, damaging nearby blood vessels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mycotic aneurysms can arise from immune responses to infections, particularly involving fungal contaminants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Toxic substances in tobacco smoke can directly cause toxicity to vascular tissues, leading to conditions like thrombosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two forms of ANCA are anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) and myeloperoxidase (MPO)-ANCA. c-ANCA targets proteinase 3 (PR3), a neutrophil azurophilic granule constituent, while p-ANCA targets myeloperoxidase (MPO), a lysosomal enzyme found in neutrophils. Both forms of ANCA can trigger an immune response that injures arteries, leading to inflammation and potential damage to blood vessels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polyarteritis nodosa typically involves segmental, transmural inflammation of small and medium-sized arteries, often with fibrinoid necrosis and thrombotic occlusion. Unlike other vasculitides, Polyarteritis nodosa does not typically involve the brachiocephalic artery and may demonstrate a characteristic ‘string-of-pearls’ appearance on imaging, reflecting the segmental nature of the inflammation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The seasonal variation in ANCA-associated vasculitis suggests a possible role of environmental factors in triggering or exacerbating the disease. Possible hypotheses include seasonal variations in exposure to infectious agents, allergens, or other environmental triggers that may activate the immune system and lead to ANCA production and subsequent vasculitis. Another possibility is that seasonal changes in temperature or humidity could affect immune function or vascular reactivity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The dense transmural inflammatory infiltrate in ANCA-associated vasculitis indicates that the inflammatory process is not confined to the vessel wall but extends deeply into the vessel layers. This suggests a more severe and potentially destructive inflammatory process that can lead to significant vessel wall damage, narrowing of the vessel lumen, and potentially compromise blood flow. This can lead to tissue ischemia and organ dysfunction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both neutrophils and mononuclear cells are involved in ANCA-associated vasculitis. Neutrophils, targeted by ANCA, are the primary effector cells in the early stages of the inflammatory response, contributing to vascular damage through release of proteolytic enzymes and reactive oxygen species. Mononuclear cells, including lymphocytes and macrophages, play a more prominent role in the later stages of inflammation, contributing to tissue remodeling and fibrosis. The interplay of these different cell types determines the severity and chronicity of the inflammatory response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ANCA-associated vasculitis can cause tissue injury and organ dysfunction through several mechanisms. The inflammatory process can lead to vessel wall damage, narrowing of the vessel lumen, and potentially compromise blood flow, resulting in tissue ischemia. The release of inflammatory mediators and proteolytic enzymes from activated neutrophils can contribute to tissue damage and inflammation. Furthermore, the formation of thrombi within the affected vessels can further impede blood flow and exacerbate tissue injury. The specific organ dysfunction depends on the location of the affected vessels and the severity of the inflammatory process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The multisystem involvement in ANCA-associated vasculitis highlights the widespread nature of the inflammatory process and suggests that the disease can have a significant impact on multiple organ systems. This may lead to a more complex clinical presentation, requiring a multidisciplinary approach to diagnosis and management. It also emphasizes the importance of a thorough clinical evaluation to identify all involved organs and tailor treatment strategies accordingly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A hypothetical scenario for the development of ANCA-associated vasculitis could involve a patient with a predisposing genetic background and exposure to an environmental trigger, such as a viral infection or an allergen. This trigger could initiate an immune response leading to the production of ANCA. The ANCA then targets neutrophils, triggering their activation and release of inflammatory mediators. This inflammatory response can cause damage to blood vessel walls, leading to narrowing of the vessel lumen and potentially compromising blood flow. The disease could then progress to involve multiple organ systems, depending on the location of the affected vessels and the severity of the inflammatory process. Without effective treatment, the disease could lead to organ dysfunction and potentially life-threatening complications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>long-term</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>upper</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>temporal</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>elastic</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>upper</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>granulomatous</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>adventitial</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>elastic</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>chronic</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>large</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>temporal</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>blindness</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>effective</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>tan</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>hemangiomas</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pulmann-Lindau</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>herpes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>leg</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>thrombosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>malignancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>thrombosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>herpes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>intense</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>lesions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>imperceptible</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>spindle</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>neoplastic</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>lesion</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>interspaced</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>foreign</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>aneurysms</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>thrombose</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>anti-inflammatory</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>immunoglobulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>vasculitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>complexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>deposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fibrinoid necrosis = Type of necrosis characterized by the deposit of fibrin Intimal hyperplasia = Area of tan tissue in the cross-section of the right carotid artery Immunosuppressive therapy = Treatment that can lead to remission or cure in 90% of cases of Polyarteritis nodosa Luminal narrowing = Result of marked intimal thickening in the right carotid artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic ulcerations = May develop and progress over time in Polyarteritis nodosa Radiation therapy = May target the area that can occasionally lead to angiosarcoma Lymphedema = Can be a setting for the development of angiosarcoma Immunosuppressive therapy = May lead to remission or cure in 90% of cases of Polyarteritis nodosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polyarteritis nodosa = Associated with segmental fibrinoid necrosis and thrombotic occlusion of small arteries Takayasu arteritis = Not represented in the provided figure Angiosarcoma = Can arise in the setting of lymphedema Radiation therapy = Targets the area that can occasionally lead to angiosarcoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Brachiocephalic artery = Involved in Polyarteritis nodosa Right carotid artery = Shows marked intimal thickening and luminal narrowing White vessel = Uninvolved in the inflammatory process of Polyarteritis nodosa Inner core of tan tissue = Represents the area of intimal hyperplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polyarteritis nodosa = May lead to remission or cure in 90% of cases with immunosuppressive therapy Angiosarcoma = Can arise in the setting of lymphedema Takayasu arteritis = Not represented in the provided figure Radiation therapy = May target the area that can occasionally lead to angiosarcoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fibroid necrosis = Type of necrosis associated with Polyarteritis nodosa Intimal thickening = Characterized by marked thickening in the right carotid artery Luminal narrowing = Result of marked intimal thickening in the right carotid artery Thrombotic occlusion = Type of occlusion associated with Polyarteritis nodosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Angiosarcoma = May develop in the setting of lymphedema Polyarteritis nodosa = May lead to chronic ulcerations over time Radiation therapy = May target the area that can occasionally lead to angiosarcoma Lymphedema = May be a setting for the development of angiosarcoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polyarteritis nodosa = Associated with segmental fibrinoid necrosis and thrombotic occlusion of small arteries Angiosarcoma = Can arise in the setting of lymphedema Radiation therapy = Targets the area that can occasionally lead to angiosarcoma Lymphedema = May be a setting for the development of angiosarcoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>c-ANCA = Anti-proteinase-3 p-ANCA = Anti-myeloperoxidase PR3-ANCA = Proteinase-3 MPO-ANCA = Myeloperoxidase</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ANCA-associated vasculitis = Characterized by immune-mediated damage to blood vessels c-ANCA = Typically directed against PR-3 p-ANCA = Usually directed against MPO Seasonal variation in incidence = Suggests viral triggers may be involved</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polyarteritis nodosa = Fibroid necrosis Takayasu arteritis = Intimal hyperplasia ANCA-associated vasculitis = Segmental necrotizing inflammation Granulomatosis with polyangiitis = Necrotizing vasculitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>c-ANCA = Associated with granulomatosis with polyangiitis p-ANCA = Linked to microscopic polyangiitis PR3-ANCA = Commonly seen in granulomatosis MPO-ANCA = Associated with eosinophilic granulomatosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Viral triggers = Immune response leading to vessel injury Autoantibodies = Damage to host tissues Inflammation = Thickening of vessel walls Granuloma formation = Chronic inflammatory state</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transmural inflammation = ANCA-associated vasculitis Necrotizing arteritis = Polyarteritis nodosa Fibroid necrosis = Takayasu arteritis Intimal thickening = Chronic inflammatory diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Granulomatosis with polyangiitis = Respiratory tract involvement Microscopic polyangiitis = Renal impairment Eosinophilic granulomatosis = Asthma and eosinophilia Polyarteritis nodosa = Multi-organ involvement without glomerulonephritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neutrophils = Primary cells in acute inflammation Mononuclear cells = Important in chronic inflammation Granulomas = Framework for chronic immune responses Cytokines = Mediators of inflammatory responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kawasaki Disease = An acute illness associated with arteritis of large- to medium-sized vessels Small-Vessel Vasculitides = Primarily affect smalls vessels and can have various causes Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) = An antibody associated with a specific group of vasculitides Vascular lesions = Abnormal growths affecting the blood vessels and lymphatics</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fever and rash = Kawasaki Disease Intimal thickening = Polyarteritis nodosa Craniofacial changes = Takayasu arteritis Pulmonary symptoms = Small-Vessel Vasculitides</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acute febrile illness = Kawasaki Disease Segmental necrosis in small arteries = Polyarteritis nodosa Involvement of neural or respiratory systems = Small-Vessel Vasculitides Large artery involvement = Takayasu arteritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vasculitis caused by drugs = ANCA-associated vasculitides Vascular inflammation leading to fibrous necrosis = Polyarteritis nodosa Inflammation primarily affecting small vessels = Small-Vessel Vasculitides Chronic condition with unknown etiology = Kawasaki Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Environmental triggers = Kawasaki Disease Immunologic mechanisms = Small-Vessel Vasculitides Genetic predisposition = Polyarteritis nodosa Vasoconstriction = Takayasu arteritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Self-limited illness = Kawasaki Disease Severe headaches = Takayasu arteritis Skin ulcers and infarctions = Polyarteritis nodosa Purpura and glomerulonephritis = Small-Vessel Vasculitides</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Infantile arterial condition = Kawasaki Disease Involvement of conduits supplying the heart = Polyarteritis nodosa Autoantibody-associated inflammation = ANCA-associated vasculitides Vasculitis affecting multiple organ systems = Small-Vessel Vasculitides</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Coronary artery involvement = Kawasaki Disease Aneurysm formation = Polyarteritis nodosa Hematuria and skin rashes = Small-Vessel Vasculitides Pulmonary hypertension = Takayasu arteritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Varicose veins = Abnormally dilated tortuous veins due to increased intraluminal pressure Thrombophlebitis = Inflammation of a vein accompanied by thrombus formation Acute venous insufficiency = Sudden impairment of venous blood flow leading to swelling Chronic venous insufficiency = Long-term condition causing leg swelling and skin changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Israeli = Greater risk for venous diseases due to genetic factors Indian subcontinent = Higher prevalence of varicose veins Japanese = Increased likelihood of thrombophlebitis African = Lower incidence of venous disorders compared to other groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dilated veins = Result from weakening of vessel walls Microabscesses = Indicate possible inflammatory response within veins Increased intraluminal pressure = Causes blood pooling in veins Tortuous morphology = Leads to risk of thrombosis and venous complications</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Venous thrombosis = Formation of a blood clot in a vein Intraluminal pressure = Pressure within the blood vessels affecting venous function Inflammatory infiltrates = Accumulation of immune cells in response to tissue damage Microscopic evaluation = Assessment method to diagnose venous pathology</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Leg swelling = Common symptom associated with chronic venous insufficiency Pain or ache in legs = Resulting from stretched veins and increased pressure Skin changes = Indicate chronic impairment of venous health Itching or discomfort = Often felt around affected venous areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Varicose veins = Prolonged standing or sitting leading to increased pressure Thrombophlebitis = Infection or irritation of the vein Deep vein thrombosis = Immobility or surgery increasing clot risk Chronic venous insufficiency = Weakness in vein walls and valves over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Early stage venous disease = Mild symptoms, increased venous pressure Progressive varicosity = Developing tortuous and dilated veins Severe chronic insufficiency = Significant skin changes and complications Acute venous event = Sudden onset, often requiring immediate care</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Varicose veins = Risk of thrombosis and ulceration Thrombophlebitis = Potential to develop into deep vein thrombosis Acute venous insufficiency = Can lead to short-term swelling and pain Chronic venous insufficiency = May cause long-term skin changes and leg ulcers</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kaposi's Sarcoma = Edema, redness, swelling, and pain DVTs = Few reliable signs or symptoms Angiosarcomas = Can arise in the setting of lymphedema Polyarteritis nodosa = Segmental fibroid necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Edema = Swelling caused by excess fluid trapped in body tissues Swelling = Enlargement or increase in size of a body part DVTs = Deep vein thromboses that may produce few symptoms Intimal hyperplasia = Thickening of the inner layer of a blood vessel</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kaposi's Sarcoma = Common in HIV-positive populations Angiosarcoma = Occasionally arises from radiation therapy Benign tumors = Often lack aggressiveness Polyarteritis nodosa = Involvement of small arteries with necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Angiosarcomas = Can exhibit a range of colors including pink, red, or purple Kaposi's Sarcoma = Can appear in HIV-negative individuals in endemic situations Polyarteritis nodosa = Typically does not develop chronic ulcerations DVTs = Involve localized venous obstruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pain over affected veins = DVTs Pressure-induced relief = Angiosarcoma Intimal thickening = Polyarteritis nodosa Lymphedema = Associated with angiosarcomas</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Brachiocephalic artery = Not involved in Polyarteritis nodosa Deep veins = Common site for thrombosis Small arteries = Affected in Polyarteritis nodosa Venous system = Distinct inflammation compared to arterial system</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Obesity = Increased risk for varicose veins Pregnancy = Common factor in venous valve incompetence Radiation therapy = Risk factor for angiosarcoma development Advanced age = Associated with increased risk in vascular conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aggressiveness = Characteristic of Kaposi's Sarcoma compared to benign tumors Effective T-cell response = Absence in tumors associated with Kaposi's Sarcoma Chronic venous insufficiency = Can lead to the formation of angiosarcomas Endemic African KS = Typically occurs in HIV-negative children</p> Signup and view all the answers