Tablet Coating Processes Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of the sealing coat in the sugar-coating process?

  • To enhance the aesthetic appeal of the tablet
  • To increase the tablet’s weight significantly
  • To facilitate faster disintegration of the tablet
  • To prevent moisture penetration into the tablet core (correct)

Which material is noted for not prolonging dissolution times upon aging in the sealing process?

  • Gelatin
  • Zein (correct)
  • Sugar solution
  • Shellac

What is the main function of the subcoating step in the sugar-coating process?

  • To provide a sealing effect against moisture
  • To round the edges and increase tablet size (correct)
  • To cover imperfections and enhance color
  • To apply a final polishing layer

During the syruping (smoothing) step, what are the two main purposes of this process?

<p>To hide surface imperfections and impart color (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of applying a new coat before the previous one is completely dry during subcoating?

<p>It causes uneven coating and could compromise stability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What benefit does tablet coating provide in relation to drug release control?

<p>It allows for a delayed release of the drug. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT a common reason for coating tablets?

<p>To enhance the drug's therapeutic effect. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is credited with the invention of the first air suspension coater for tablet coating?

<p>Dr. Dale Wurster (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main purposes of enteric coatings in tablet formulation?

<p>To protect the drug from the gastric environment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of tablet coating relates to improving pharmaceutical elegance?

<p>Providing special colors and contrasting printing. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a drawback of tablet coating?

<p>It adds an additional step that increases costs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic associated with tablet coating assists patients with swallowing difficulties?

<p>The surface becomes more slippery. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant disadvantage of using Cellulose Acetate Phthalate (CAP) for enteric coating?

<p>It is hygroscopic and may cause premature drug release. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which property of the acrylate polymers (Eudragit) makes them suitable for enteric coating?

<p>Resistant to gastric fluid and soluble in GIT fluids at pH 6-7. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic that an ideal solvent for tablet coating should possess?

<p>It should be colorless and tasteless. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential problem if a tablet coated with a retardant polymer travels too quickly through the GI tract?

<p>It may not release its contents effectively. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which polymer dissolves at a lower pH range of 5-5.5, potentially increasing bioavailability?

<p>Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose Phthalate (HPMCP) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are small concentrations of polymers (2 to 10%) preferred in coating solutions?

<p>To avoid overly viscous solutions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following solvents is NOT commonly used for tablet coating?

<p>Glycerin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of a tablet's premature release when using CAP?

<p>Inadequate gastrointestinal absorption. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is NOT desirable in an ideal solvent for coating?

<p>Colorful (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of applying heated air in the coating process?

<p>To facilitate the evaporation of the solvent (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method of coating application is preferred due to its speed and efficiency?

<p>Spaying (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a plasticizer when added to a film former?

<p>To improve the flexibility and adhesion properties of the film (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the perforated pan system, how is drying air utilized during the coating process?

<p>It is passed through the tablets and exhausted through perforations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a commonly used plasticizer in aqueous coatings?

<p>Castor oil (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about sugar coating?

<p>It provides excellent appearance to tablets but is less used now (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact do plasticizers have on the molecular structure of polymers?

<p>They decrease the molecular rigidity of polymers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key advantage of using a perforated pan coater?

<p>It has high coating capacity and can be fully automated (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are lakes pigments primarily used for in coating systems?

<p>They achieve more reproducible colors in coatings (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the tablets during the recycling phase of the coating process?

<p>They move repeatedly through the application zone for further coating (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended concentration range for plasticizers in relation to the film former?

<p>1-50% w/w (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the conventional pan system from the perforated pan system?

<p>The perforated pan system uses a closed chamber with air exhaust through perforations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is classified as an opaquants?

<p>Titanium dioxide (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the movement of tablets affect the coating process?

<p>It helps distribute coating materials evenly (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are colorants generally more expensive compared to opaquants?

<p>Colorants require a more complex manufacturing process (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to achieve the desired coat during the tablet coating process?

<p>To enhance the pharmaceutical stability and appearance of the tablets (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of plasticizers can affect their performance in polymer films?

<p>Their solubility in water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technique is primarily used for applying coating materials in the conventional pan system?

<p>Spraying (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When multiple plasticizers are used together, what is the main reason for their combination?

<p>To enhance the flexibility and performance of the polymer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of colorants might be used in coating systems that emphasizes household products?

<p>Lakes pigments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Tablet Coating

An extra step in tablet production that adds cost, often done to improve taste, protect the drug, control release, or enhance appearance.

Purpose of Coating

Tablet coating aims to mask unpleasant tastes, protect drugs from degradation, control drug release, or improve the drug's look and feel.

Taste/Odor Masking

Using a coating to hide unpleasant tastes or odors of drugs in tablets.

Protection of Active Substance

The coating protects the medicine from damage during storage and in the body.

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Controlled Drug Release

Some coatings control how quickly the medicine is released in the body.

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Enteric Coating

A special coating that protects the drug from the stomach's acidity.

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Enhanced Appearance

Coatings improve the look and feel of tablets.

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Enteric-coated tablets

Tablets coated to protect the drug from stomach acid, allowing it to dissolve in the small intestine.

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USP test

A standard test to ensure tablets pass quality control.

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Retardant polymer

A polymer that slows down drug release.

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Hydrophobicity

A measure of how much a substance repels water.

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Cellulose Acetate Phthalate (CAP)

An enteric coating material that dissolves above pH 6.

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Acrylate polymers (Eudragit)

Enteric coatings resistant to stomach acid, dissolves in the small intestine (pH 6-7).

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Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose Phthalate (HPMCP)

Enteric coating material that dissolves at a lower pH (5-5.5).

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Ideal solvent

Dissolves polymers, other ingredients, and dries quickly without harmful effects.

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Common coating solvents

Water, ethanol, chloroform, and acetone are commonly used to dissolve polymers and other additives in tablet coatings.

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Plasticizer in Coating

A non-volatile material added to a film former to improve flexibility and adhesion of the coating film.

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Plasticizer Function

Decreases a polymer's molecular rigidity to make it flexible.

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Plasticizer types

A mix of castor oil, glycerin, PEG, Tweens, Spans, and etc.

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Plasticizer Concentration

Ranges from 1-50% by weight of the film former; depends on various factors.

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Water-soluble plasticizers

Used in aqueous coatings, like PEG.

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Organic Coating Plasticizers

Castor oil and Spans are primarily used with organic coating solutions.

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Colorants in Coatings

Substances used to add color to coating solutions, can be dissolved or suspended.

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Lakes Pigments

Preferred colorants for sugar or film coating systems due to consistent color.

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Opaquants

Fine inorganic powders enhancing color and increasing film coverage.

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Titanium Dioxide (opaquant)

Common material used to give a white coating or mask color in tablet coatings.

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Why is sealing important in tablet coating?

The sealing coat prevents moisture from getting into the tablet core, preventing tablet softening, disintegration, and compromising the drug's stability.

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What is the purpose of a sub-coating?

Sub-coating rounds the tablet edges and increases its size. This involves applying a sticky binder solution, followed by dusting with powder, and drying. The process is repeated until the desired thickness is achieved.

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What is the goal of the syrup (smoothing/coloring) coating?

This step aims to hide the rough edges left by the sub-coating and color the tablet. Achieving a smooth and appealing finish and desired color for the tablets.

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What are some examples of sealing agents?

Shellac and zein are common sealing agents. Shellac can prolong tablet disintegration time on aging due to polymerization. Zein does not have this issue.

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How much can tablet weight increase with sugar coating?

Sugar coating can increase a tablet's weight by 50% to 100%, which is significant.

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Coating Process

The application of coating materials to tablets using heated air to facilitate solvent evaporation while the tablets move continuously.

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Coating Pan

A rotating container where tablets are coated. It provides a controlled environment for coating and drying.

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Conventional Pan System

A spherical pan that rotates to coat tablets by spraying or ladling the coating material.

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Perforated Pan System

A drum with holes that rotates to coat tablets. Hot air is blown through the holes to dry the tablets.

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Why spraying is preferred over ladling?

Spraying is faster, distributes the coating material more evenly, and reduces drying time.

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Sugar Coating

A traditional type of coating known for its excellent appearance.

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Types of Coatings

There are many different types of coatings, each designed for a specific purpose, such as taste masking, enteric coating, or controlled release.

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Tablet Coating Application Zone

The part of the coating pan where the tablets receive the coating material.

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Drying Phase in Coating

The part of the process where the tablets are dried by heated air after receiving the coating material.

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Study Notes

Tablet Coating

  • Tablet coating is adapted from food preservation processes.
  • Dr. Dale Wurster created the first air suspension coater in 1950.
  • Wurster introduced airflow and perforated coating pans to the tablet coating machine.
  • Wurster's work led to the first reproducible and uniform tablet coating.

Tablet Coating Principles

  • Tablet coating increases cost.
  • Coating a tablet is often done for the following reasons:
    • To mask undesirable taste, odor, or color of the drug.
    • To provide physical and chemical protection for the drug.
    • To control drug release from the tablet.
    • To protect the drug from stomach acidity with an enteric coating.
    • To improve the aesthetic appeal through color and contrasting printing.
    • To aid tablet movement and swallowing, especially for patients with dysphagia.

Tablet Coating Process

  • The tablet coating process considers substrate, process & equipment, coating formulation, and coating quality.

Tablet Coating: Three Main Parts

  • Tablet Properties:
    • Ideal tablet shape for coating
    • Tablet physical properties (e.g., strength, intactness, and absence of imperfections)
    • Tablet surface characteristics (e.g., texture for coating processes)
  • Coating Compositions:
    • Non-enteric coating materials.
    • Enteric coating materials.
    • Solvents.
    • Plasticizers.
    • Colorants.
    • Opaquants.
  • Coating Process:
    • Coating equipment
    • Coating process details (e.g., spraying, ladling, etc.)
    • Evaluation of film and film defects

Preferred Tablet Properties for Coating

  • Tablets must withstand mechanical stress during the process.
  • Tablet shapes should be intact and free of imperfections.
  • Brittle tablet surfaces may soften with heat or be affected by coating materials.

Preferred Tablet Properties for Coating

  • The physical shape of the tablet is important.
  • Coating materials create a tacky, semisolid, and eventually nontacky surface on the tablet.
  • Constant movement of tablets within the machine prevents sticking together.
  • The ideal tablet shape is a sphere to facilitate smooth rotation.
  • Square flat-faced tablets tend to have problems due to build-up of coating materials on the surfaces.

Tablet Surface Hydrophobicity/Hydrophilicity

  • The surface characteristics of the tablet should match those of the coating material.
  • Surfactants may be added to the coating solution to help the coating materials wet the tablet.

Coating Compositions

  • Coating materials can be deposited physically (e.g., sugar, wax coatings).
  • Coating materials need to be soluble in the coating preparation solvent.
  • Coating materials should produce elegant-looking products.
  • Film properties should not change significantly with aging (stability).
  • Coating materials should be essentially tasteless, odorless, and colorless.
  • Coating materials should be compatible with common coating solution additives.
  • Coating materials should not bridge or fill tablet surface imperfections.
  • Coating materials should be resistant to cracking.

Coating Compositions: Film-Forming Materials

  • Polymers create the film around the tablet.
    • Can be classified as non-enteric or enteric.
  • Non-enteric Materials: Tend to dissolve in the GI tract and release the drug.
    • Examples Include Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and Ethyl Cellulose (EC).
  • Enteric Materials: Dissolve based on the pH of the GI tract.
    • Examples Include Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose phthalate (HPMCP), Cellulose Acetate Phthalate, and Acrylate Polymers.

Non-enteric Materials (Non Functional FC)

  • Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) is available in different viscosity grades.
  • It is often the material of choice for air suspension and pan-spray coating systems.
  • HPMC is close to ideal for film coating because of its solubility, non-interference with tablet disintegration, flexibility, and stability in the presence of heat, light, moisture, and air. It can also easily incorporate color and additives.
  • HPMC tends to bridge and fill debossed tablet surfaces when used alone.

Enteric Materials and Characteristics

  • Key reasons for enteric coating include protecting the drug or stomach from enzymes and certain antibiotics, protecting the stomach from drugs (e.g., salicylates), delivering drugs optimally absorbed in the small intestine and providing a delayed-release component.
  • Ideal enteric coating materials have resistance to gastric fluids, ready permeability to intestinal fluids, compatibility with drug substrates, stability in coating solutions, a continuous uninterrupted film, and must be non-toxic.

Challenges for Enteric Coated Tablets

  • Passing the USP disintegration test doesn't guarantee bioavailability.
  • The pH of the stomach varies between individuals, and from one time to another. Some patients may have achlorhydria or hypochlorhydria.
  • The amount of gastric fluids varies between individuals and over time.
  • Enteric coating techniques sometimes involve the use of retardant polymers that may struggle with rapid solubility in the GI tract.

Coating Compositions: Solvents

  • Water, ethanol, chloroform, and acetone are commonly used. Water is preferred due to environmental and economic considerations.

Coating Compositions: Plasticizers

  • Plasticizers are non-volatile materials added to films to improve flexibility and adhesion.
  • Correct proportions of plasticizers add flexibility to the polymer by decreasing molecular rigidity.
  • A combination of plasticizers may be needed for specific effects.
  • Concentration of plasticizer depends on factors such as polymer type, application method, and manufacturer recommendations.
  • Common examples include castor oil, glycerin, low molecular weight polyethylene glycol (PEG), Tweens, and Spans.
  • PEG is typically used for aqueous coatings whereas other plasticizers like castor oil and Spans are commonly used in organic coating solutions.

Coating Compositions: Colorants

  • Colorants may be soluble in the solvent or be insoluble powders.
  • Lakes pigments are the preferred choice for sugar or film coating systems due to their consistent reproducibility in color distribution.

Coating Compositions: Opaquants

  • Fine inorganic powders used to increase film coverage, providing a white coating or masking the tablet core's color.
  • Colorants are more expensive than opaquants with less colorant needed.
  • Titanium dioxide is a common opaquant.

Coating Process

  • Tablet coating involves applying coating materials to moving tablets while using heated air to evaporate the solvent.
  • Coating materials are distributed by moving the tablets in a coating pan.
  • Tablets pass through an application zone to receive coating materials.
  • The tablets are recycled in the application zone until the desired thickness is reached.

Coating Equipment

  • 1- Conventional Pan System:
    • Consists of a spherical pan mounted on a stand.
    • Pan is rotated by a motor.
    • Heated air is directed into the tablet bed, which is exhausted through ducts.
    • Coating materials are applied to the tablets by ladling or spraying.
    • Spraying is preferred due to speed, even distribution, and reduced drying time
  • 2- Perforated Pan System:
    • Consists of a perforated drum rotating in a closed chamber.
    • Drying air is passed through the tablets and exhausted through perforations.
    • Efficient for high coatings and can be automated for sugar and film coating.

Types of Coating and Processing

  • Sugar Coating:
    • Used in the past but may still have value for aesthetics.
    • Involves coating steps such as sealing, sub-coating, syruping, finishing, and polishing.
      • Seal coating prevents moisture, and subsequent coatings are applied until desired thickness.
      • Shellac and Zein are seal coating agents.
      • Various steps build up the desired tablet size, edges and color.

Film Coating Process

  • Film coating is faster and more economical than sugar coating.
  • Utilizes film forming polymers with various properties.
  • Final tablet weight is only slightly increased (2-5%).
  • Film coating utilizes the same equipment and methods as sugar coating.

Pan Spray Method

  • Introduction of spraying equipment was an important evolution in film coating.
  • Spraying allows automatic control of liquid application during film coating.

Pan Spray Method: Control Variables

  • Pan shape, load, and rotational speed affect the mixing of tablets
  • Speed must be appropriate to prevent either localized overwetting or inefficient drying.
  • Proper control of temperature, volume, and rate are key considerations in the process air when drying coated tablets.

Evaluation of Coated Tablets

  • General appearance (e.g., color, continuity).
  • Physical defects.
  • Performance (e.g., drug release, long-term stability.
  • Visual inspection is often sufficient to assess quality.
  • Rubbing on paper can indicate coat strength.

Film Defects

  • Sticking and picking (due to tackiness and overwetting)
  • Roughness (due to some droplets drying too rapidly).
  • Orange peel effect (due to poor spreading).
  • Bridging and filling (due to lack of plasticizers).
  • Blistering (due to uneven drying conditions).

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Industrial Pharmacy Lec 4 PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on the various processes and purposes of tablet coating in pharmaceutical formulations. Learn about sealing coats, subcoating steps, and the benefits of enteric coatings. This quiz covers essential aspects of drug release control and coating challenges.

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