Support and Movement 1: Osteology
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Questions and Answers

What is one of the primary functions of bone and the skeletal system?

  • Regulating body temperature
  • Producing digestive enzymes
  • Facilitating muscle contraction
  • Providing structural framework for the body (correct)

Which component of bone is responsible for blood cell production?

  • Yellow bone marrow
  • Articular cartilage
  • Red bone marrow (correct)
  • Periosteum

What is the role of the periosteum in bone structure?

  • Cushioning the joints to avoid injury
  • Connecting the diaphysis to the epipheses
  • Providing a lens for joint flexibility
  • Stimulating bone growth via blood supply (correct)

At what age does the epiphyseal (growth) plate typically get replaced by bone?

<p>Ages 14-24 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the roles of yellow bone marrow?

<p>Storing triglycerides (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bone is characterized by being cubical in shape and is found in the carpus and tarsus?

<p>Short bone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bone has a structure that resembles a sandwich, consisting of two layers of compact bone and a layer of cancellous bone in between?

<p>Flat bone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of irregular bones?

<p>They have an irregular or mixed shape. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bone is known for developing in certain tendons and altering the direction of pull of a tendon?

<p>Sesamoid bone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors influence bone growth according to the content?

<p>Minerals and vitamins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bone is primarily found beneath the periosteum and is considered the strongest type of bone?

<p>Compact bone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the spongy bone tissue?

<p>Store fat and produce blood cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure in bone tissue contains blood vessels and is critical for bone health?

<p>Osteon (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the mature bone cells that maintain bone matrix called?

<p>Osteocytes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bone cell is responsible for breaking down bone tissue to release calcium?

<p>Osteoclasts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature of spongy bone allows it to contain marrow?

<p>Trabeculae (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer surrounds the bone and provides a site for muscle attachment?

<p>Fibrous layer of periosteum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of bone marrow within the skeletal system?

<p>To produce blood cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The canaliculi in bone tissue serve what main purpose?

<p>Transport nutrients (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic differentiates compact bone from spongy bone?

<p>Compact bone has a dense structure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of osteoporosis?

<p>Bone resorption outpacing bone deposition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group is most affected by osteoporosis?

<p>Elderly women (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common treatment for a fracture?

<p>A cast to keep the bone fragments straight and together (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long does it typically take for a bone to heal?

<p>8 weeks (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of fracture is characterized by a break in the bone?

<p>Complete fracture (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in relation to bones?

<p>Inhibits bone formation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributes to the increased vulnerability of women's bones compared to men's bones?

<p>Less massive bone structure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of disc disorder is characterized as a slipped disc?

<p>Herniated disc (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of hip fractures in elderly individuals?

<p>A fall (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which age group is most likely to experience hip fractures?

<p>Individuals older than 60 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the ligaments around intervertebral discs in cases of a herniated disc?

<p>They become injured or weakened (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what part of the spine do herniated discs most often occur?

<p>Lumbar area (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physical change often leads to increased hip fracture risk in elderly individuals?

<p>Decreased bone mass due to osteoporosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature distinguishes long bones from other types of bones?

<p>Tubular shape and elongated structure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of a long bone is adjacent to the epiphyseal cartilage?

<p>Metaphysis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the periosteum surrounding the long bone?

<p>To generate new bone cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does blood supply typically enter the shaft of long bones?

<p>Through the nutrient foramen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many bones are present in an adult human skeleton?

<p>206 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the major components of the axial skeleton?

<p>Skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bones are primarily found in limbs and act as levers for muscles?

<p>Long bones (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structures are found only in long bones?

<p>Periosteum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Osteology

The study of bones and their structure.

Bone Function: Support

Bones provide a framework for the body, giving it structure.

Bone Function: Protection

Bones shield internal organs from damage.

Diaphysis

The shaft of a long bone.

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Epiphyses

The ends of a long bone.

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Long Bone Structure

Long bones consist of a shaft (diaphysis) and two ends (epiphyses). The shaft is made of compact bone, while the ends are mainly spongy bone. The ends are covered with a thin layer of compact bone, giving them a concave or convex shape.

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Short Bone Feature

Short bones are cube-shaped and consist mainly of spongy bone surrounded by a thin layer of compact bone.

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Flat Bone Structure

Flat bones are composed of two layers of compact bone, separated by a layer of spongy bone. They have a flat, wide shape.

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Irregular Bone Shape

Irregular bones have a unique, complex shape. They usually have more spongy bone than compact bone and are involved in complex movements.

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Sesamoid Bone Role

Nodules of bone that develop within tendons. They help change the direction of a tendon's pull and reduce friction.

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Bone Marrow

A soft tissue found inside certain bones, responsible for producing blood cells.

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Trabeculae

Interconnecting, thin bony plates forming a lattice-like structure in cancellous bone.

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Nutrient Foramen

A small opening in the shaft of a long bone that allows blood vessels and nerves to enter.

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Periosteum

A tough, fibrous membrane covering the outer surface of bone (excluding joint surfaces).

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Axial Skeleton

The central part of the skeleton, including the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum.

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Appendicular Skeleton

The bones that attach to the axial skeleton, including the limbs, shoulder girdle, and pelvic girdle.

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Long Bone

A type of bone that is longer than it is wide, with a shaft and two ends.

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Epiphyseal Plate

A layer of hyaline cartilage found in growing long bones, responsible for lengthening the bone.

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Bone Cells

Specialized cells that make up bone tissue, including osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes.

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What is the function of Osteoblasts?

Osteoblasts are bone-building cells that synthesize and deposit new bone matrix.

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What is the function of Osteoclasts?

Osteoclasts are bone-resorbing cells that break down bone tissue, releasing calcium into the bloodstream.

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What is the function of Osteocytes?

Mature bone cells responsible for maintaining bone tissue and sensing mechanical stress.

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What is an Osteon?

A structural unit of compact bone, consisting of concentric layers of bone tissue around a central canal containing blood vessels.

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What is the function of the Periosteum?

A tough fibrous membrane that covers the outer surface of bones, providing nourishment and attachment for tendons and ligaments.

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What is the function of the Central Canal?

A hollow space in the center of an osteon that contains blood vessels and nerves, providing nourishment to bone cells.

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What is the purpose of the Canaliculi?

Tiny channels that connect osteocytes to each other and to the central canal, allowing for nutrient and waste exchange.

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What is the structural difference between compact and spongy bone?

Compact bone is dense and solid, forming the outer layer of bones, while spongy bone is a porous network of trabeculae, found in the interior of bones.

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Menopause and Estrogen

During menopause, the levels of estrogen in women dramatically decrease.

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Herniated Disc

A herniated disc occurs when the soft center of an intervertebral disc pushes through the surrounding cartilage, causing pain and often numbness.

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Hip Fracture Cause

Hip fractures, especially in older individuals, are often caused by falls.

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Osteoporosis Prevention

To prevent osteoporosis, it's important to get enough calcium and vitamin D, and engage in regular weight-bearing exercise.

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Herniated Disc Symptoms

Symptoms of a herniated disc include back pain, numbness, tingling, and weakness in the affected area.

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Bone Fracture

Any break in a bone. It can be classified based on severity, shape, or position of the break.

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Bone Healing Time

Typically takes around 6 to 8 weeks for a bone to heal.

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What is a cast used for?

A cast is used to immobilize a bone and keep the fragments straight and together during healing.

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Osteoporosis

A disease where bone resorption (breakdown) outpaces bone deposition (formation) leading to weak bones.

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Causes of Osteoporosis

Caused by a depletion of calcium in the body, which leads to weak bones that can fracture easily.

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Who is at risk for Osteoporosis?

Affects middle-aged and elderly people, particularly women.

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Why are women more susceptible to Osteoporosis?

Women have less bone mass than men and experience hormonal changes.

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Study Notes

Support and Movement 1: Osteology

  • Osteology is the study of bones, focusing on their structure, name, location, shape, and functions.
  • Key functions of the skeletal system include support, protection, assistance in movement (acting as levers for muscles), mineral homeostasis (calcium storage/release), and blood cell production (bone marrow).
  • Bones are composed of a variety of tissues, including compact bone, spongy bone, and others.
  • Bone is a dynamic tissue, continuously being broken down and reformed.
  • Various cell types are involved in bone formation and remodeling, including osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts.
  • The skeletal system is divided into axial and appendicular skeletons. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum. The appendicular skeleton consists of limb bones and girdles (shoulder and pelvic).
  • Bones come in different shapes: long (e.g., humerus), short (e.g., carpals), flat (e.g., sternum), irregular (e.g., vertebrae), sesamoid (e.g., patella), and pneumatic (e.g., certain skull bones).
  • Long bones have a diaphysis (shaft) and two epiphyses (ends). The central region is called the metaphysis.
  • The periosteum is a tough layer that covers most of the outer surface of a long bone, including the outer fibrous layer and inner osteogenic layer.
  • Bone ends (epiphyses) are covered by articular cartilage, allowing smooth movement at joints.
  • Bone is richly supplied with blood vessels and nerves. Large nutrient arteries enter bones through nutrient foramina.
  • Factors affecting bone growth include vitamins (e.g., vitamin D), minerals (e.g., calcium and phosphorus), hormones (e.g., growth hormone, sex hormones, and parathyroid hormone), and exercise.
  • Fractures are breaks in bones, categorized by severity, shape, or position of the fracture line, or the physician who first described them.

Bone Structure

  • Bone structure is a complex system with several components
  • The diaphysis is the central shaft of a long bone.
  • The epiphyses are the ends of a long bone.
  • The metaphysis joins the diaphysis to the epiphysis.
  • The epiphyseal plate is involved in bone growth.
  • The periosteum is a tough, fibrous membrane covering the outer surface of a bone.
  • Bone tissue is composed of compact and spongy bone.
  • Compact bone is dense and organized in osteons.
  • Spongy bone is less dense and has a lattice-like structure

Bone Histology

  • Bone tissue is a living, dynamic tissue comprised of several kinds of cells and extracellular matrix
  • 4 key cell types: Osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts
  • Osteoblasts build new bone; osteoclasts break down existing bone.

Blood Supply to Bone

  • Bones are nourished by blood vessels within the periosteum.
  • Large, nutrient arteries usually enter the bone shaft through nutrient foramina that are present in some long bones.

Types of Bones

  • Bones are diverse and classified by their shape:
  • Long bones (e.g., humerus, femur) are tubular.
  • Short bones (e.g., carpals, tarsals) are roughly cube-shaped.
  • Flat bones (e.g., sternum, ribs, skull bones) are thin and flattened.
  • Irregular bones (e.g., vertebrae, some skull bones) have complex shapes.
  • Sesamoid bones (e.g., patella) develop within tendons.
  • Pneumatic bones are hollow and contain air spaces (present in certain skull bones).

Fracture and Repair

  • A fracture is a break in a bone.
  • Fractures are characterized by their severity, shape, or position of the fracture line or the physician who first described them.
  • Bone injuries undergo stages that include fracture hematoma formation, then the soft callus formation and finally the bony callus formation, and finally the bone remodeling phase.

Homeostatic Imbalance Disorders

  • Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by a decrease in bone mass and density, which results in decreased bone strength and susceptibility to fracture.
  • Herniated (slipped) disc is a condition where the intervertebral discs, which act as shock absorbers between the vertebrae, become damaged or displaced.
  • Hip fractures are breaks in the proximal end of the femur.

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L3 Osteology PDF

Description

Explore the fascinating world of osteology in this quiz. Learn about the structure, types, and functions of bones in the human skeletal system. You'll also discover the dynamic nature of bone tissue and the various cell types involved in bone health.

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