Structural Loads: Dead, Live & Environmental
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Questions and Answers

What are structural loads?

Structural loads are forces or other actions that cause stresses, deformations, or accelerations in a structure.

Which of the following is an example of a dead load?

  • Occupants
  • Furniture
  • Vehicles
  • Self-weight of structural members (correct)

What causes Wind Loads?

  • Ground motion during earthquakes
  • Roof slope
  • Snow accumulation
  • Wind pressure on building surfaces (correct)

What is the cause of seismic loads?

<p>Seismic loads arise from ground motion during earthquakes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of Thermal Loads?

<p>Expansion or contraction due to temperature changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of Construction Loads?

<p>Temporary loads during construction activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does load transfer involve?

<p>Both superstructure and substructure load transfer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What elements do slabs serve as?

<p>Horizontal elements distributing loads.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What elements do beams transfer loads to?

<p>Columns</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vertically oriented members transferring loads from beams to the foundation?

<p>true</p> Signup and view all the answers

What elements do Load-bearing walls transfer the loads to?

<p>Foundation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ultimate recipient of structural loads?

<p>The soil.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Structural Loads

Forces that cause stress, deformation, or acceleration in a structure.

Dead Load (DL)

Permanent, static forces on a structure.

Live Load (LL)

Temporary or movable forces that vary in magnitude and location.

Wind Loads (WL)

Forces caused by wind pressure on building surfaces.

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Snow Loads (SL)

Force due to accumulated snow on a structure.

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Seismic Loads (EL)

Forces arising from ground motion during earthquakes.

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Thermal Loads

Expansion or contraction due to temperature changes.

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Construction Loads

Temporary loads during construction activities.

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Load Transfer

The path loads take from application down to the ground.

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Superstructure Load Transfer

Part of load transfer above the ground.

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Slabs load

Horizontal elements distributing to beams.

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Two-way slabs

Loads shared in two perpendicular directions.

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Beams load

Receive loads from slabs and transfer them to columns.

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Columns Load

Vertically oriented members transferring loads from beams to the foundation.

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Load-bearing walls

Transfer roof and floor loads to the foundation.

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Substructure Load Transfer

Part of load transfer below the ground.

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Foundations load

Distributes structural loads to the ground.

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Soil load

The ultimate recipient of structural loads.

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Columns

Members transferring loads from beams to the foundation.

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Superstructure

Load transfer above the ground.

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Foundations

Distribute loads directly to the ground.

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Soil

The final destination of structural loads.

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Walls

Act either as load-bearing or non-load-bearing.

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Construction Load

Temporary force during construction.

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Thermal Load

Expansion/ Contraction from hot or cold temperatures.

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Seismic Load

Forces from ground acceleration.

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Wind Load

Forces applied due to wind.

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Dead Load - DL

The weight of the building itself.

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Live Load - LL

Varying loads.

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Structural Loads

The forces or actions on a structure.

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Study Notes

  • Structural loads are forces or actions causing stresses, deformations, or accelerations in a structure.
  • These loads are fundamental for the design and safety of buildings.
  • Structural members must withstand expected forces under normal and extreme conditions.

Types of Loads on Structural Members

  • Dead Load (DL)
  • Live Loads (LL)
  • Environmental Loads (LL)
  • Other Loads (Thermal Loads, Construction Loads, etc.)

Dead Loads (DL)

  • Dead loads are permanent, static forces acting on a structure.
  • They include the self-weight of structural members like beams, columns, slabs, and fixed attachments such as walls, flooring, and finishes.
  • Calculated based on the material density and volume.

Live Loads (LL)

  • Live loads are temporary or movable forces with varying magnitude and location.
  • Examples: occupants, furniture, equipment, and vehicles.
  • Codes and standards specify live load values based on building use like residential, commercial, or industrial.

Environmental Loads

  • Wind Loads (WL): Caused by wind pressure on building surfaces, dependent on wind speed, building height, and shape.
  • Snow Loads (SL): Relevant in areas, based on snow accumulation and roof slope.
  • Seismic Loads (EL): Arise from ground motion during earthquakes, governed by local seismic zone classifications and building response factors.

Other Loads

  • Thermal Loads: Expansion or contraction due to temperature changes.
  • Construction Loads: Temporary loads during construction activities.

Load Transfer in Buildings

  • Structural members work together to transfer loads from the application point to the foundation and ground.
  • Load transfer occurs through Superstructure Load Transfer and Substructure Load Transfer.

Superstructure Load Transfer

  • Slabs: Horizontal elements distributing loads (live and dead) to beams with loads shared in two perpendicular directions in two-way slabs.
  • Beams: Receive loads from slabs and transfer them to columns, designed to resist bending, shear, and deflection.
  • Columns: Vertically oriented members transferring loads from beams to the foundation and subjected to axial forces, sometimes with bending in slender columns.
  • Walls: Can be load-bearing or non-load-bearing elements, with load-bearing walls transferring roof and floor loads to the foundation.

Substructure Load Transfer

  • Foundations distribute structural loads to the ground with types including shallow foundations (spread footings, mat foundations) and deep foundations (piles, caissons).
  • Soil is the ultimate recipient of structural loads.
  • The soil's bearing capacity resists excessive settlement or failure.

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Related Documents

Theory of Structures: Loads on Structural Members - PDF

Description

Explanation of structural loads: forces causing stress/deformation in structures, crucial for building design and safety. Covers dead loads (permanent, static forces), live loads (temporary, movable forces), and environmental loads.

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