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Questions and Answers
What type of structure is associated with potentially higher gust effects?
What type of structure is associated with potentially higher gust effects?
Which factor is considered in the self-straining forces and effects?
Which factor is considered in the self-straining forces and effects?
What leads to water accumulation due to deflection in building structures?
What leads to water accumulation due to deflection in building structures?
Which enclosure category is characterized by having open spaces?
Which enclosure category is characterized by having open spaces?
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Lateral soil pressure is primarily caused by which of the following?
Lateral soil pressure is primarily caused by which of the following?
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What constitutes the dead load in a building?
What constitutes the dead load in a building?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a lateral load on a building?
Which of the following is NOT considered a lateral load on a building?
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Live loads are characterized as which of the following?
Live loads are characterized as which of the following?
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Which factor influences the calculation of dead load due to the weight of the floor system?
Which factor influences the calculation of dead load due to the weight of the floor system?
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Which of the following loads can be classified as an 'Other Load'?
Which of the following loads can be classified as an 'Other Load'?
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The design codes and standards are essential for ensuring safety against which type of load?
The design codes and standards are essential for ensuring safety against which type of load?
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What is the gravity acceleration constant used in load calculations?
What is the gravity acceleration constant used in load calculations?
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What is the primary role of the minimum material density prescribed by standards?
What is the primary role of the minimum material density prescribed by standards?
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What is the term for the point inside the Earth where an earthquake originates?
What is the term for the point inside the Earth where an earthquake originates?
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How is earthquake magnitude measured?
How is earthquake magnitude measured?
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Which statement best describes earthquake intensity?
Which statement best describes earthquake intensity?
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What is the approximate value of gravitational acceleration commonly used in calculations?
What is the approximate value of gravitational acceleration commonly used in calculations?
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What is the epicenter of an earthquake?
What is the epicenter of an earthquake?
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What is the main factor that affects the magnitude of earthquake load according to occupancy category?
What is the main factor that affects the magnitude of earthquake load according to occupancy category?
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Which of the following sequences correctly describes the terms related to earthquakes?
Which of the following sequences correctly describes the terms related to earthquakes?
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Which of the following factors will result in higher earthquake loads?
Which of the following factors will result in higher earthquake loads?
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What does the live load reduction refer to?
What does the live load reduction refer to?
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What does an earthquake's magnitude measure?
What does an earthquake's magnitude measure?
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What does the natural period of a structure refer to?
What does the natural period of a structure refer to?
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Which tool is provided by PHIVOLCS for assessing fault lines?
Which tool is provided by PHIVOLCS for assessing fault lines?
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How does the distance to the nearest seismic source affect earthquake loads?
How does the distance to the nearest seismic source affect earthquake loads?
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What is the impact of a soft soil type on building structures during an earthquake?
What is the impact of a soft soil type on building structures during an earthquake?
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Which of the following is NOT a factor considered in determining wind load?
Which of the following is NOT a factor considered in determining wind load?
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Which earthquake in the Philippines had a magnitude of at least 8.0?
Which earthquake in the Philippines had a magnitude of at least 8.0?
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Study Notes
Structural Loads in Buildings
- Loads are forces acting on a structure.
- Gravity loads act downwards.
- Lateral loads act horizontally.
- Other loads include fluid pressure, lateral soil pressure, ponding load, and self-straining forces.
Gravity Loads
- Dead Load: Weight of all building materials.
- Live Load: Weight of occupants, furniture, and movable objects.
- Roof Live Load: Weight of things on the roof.
Lateral Loads
- Earthquake Load: Force from earthquakes.
- Wind Load: Force from wind.
Other Loads
- Fluid Pressure: Force from fluids (e.g., water).
- Lateral Soil Pressure: Force from the soil on the structure.
- Ponding Load: Water accumulation on a roof.
- Self-straining Forces: Forces related to temperature changes, shrinkage, and creep.
Design Codes/Standards
- National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP 2015)
- ASCE 7-22 (Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures)
Dead Load
- Weight of all materials incorporated in a building.
- Materials include walls, floors, ceilings, plumbing fixtures, and more.
- Different materials have different densities.
Dead Load per Unit Area
- Material densities are prescribed by NSCP 2015. Examples include Concrete, cinder, slag, copper, cork, earth.
- These densities determine the dead load per unit area for various building components such as ceilings, floor partitions etc..
Dead Load due to Weight of Floor System
- Parameters like beam width, beam depth, column width, slab thickness, and concrete density are needed to calculate the total floor weight
- Measurements and calculations are provided
Dead Load due to Weight of Walls
- Calculations related to wall weights are provided
Live Loads
- Gravity loads that are not permanently attached to the structure e.g., occupants, furniture, etc.
- Different loads apply to different areas and occupancies (e.g., offices, residential areas, assembly areas).
Live Load Reduction
- The maximum reduction for live load is usually 40%.
- There shall not be any reduction on live loads over 4.8 kPa.
- Storage loads exceeding 4.8 kPa shall not be reduced.
- Reduction in live load can be calculated based on area, dead load, and live load
Earthquake
- Earthquake is a shaking of the ground caused by sudden movements of rock materials beneath the Earth's surface.
- Earthquakes originate at tectonic plate boundaries.
- Hypocenter/Focus: The point where the earthquake originates inside the Earth.
- Epicenter: The point on the surface of the Earth directly above the hypocenter.
Earthquake Magnitude
- Magnitude is proportional to the energy released during an earthquake.
- Seismograph is used to record earthquakes and calculate their magnitude.
- Magnitude is represented by Arabic numbers (e.g., 4.8, 9.0).
Earthquake Intensity
- Earthquake intensity is how strongly people feel an earthquake.
- Intensity is generally higher closer to the epicenter.
- Intensity is represented by Roman numerals (e.g., II, IV, IX).
Earthquake Hazards
- Fault and Ground Rupture: Ground surface breakage
- Ground Shaking: Movement of ground surfaces
- Earthquake-Induced Landslides: Movements of soil on slopes
- Liquefaction: Soils behaving as liquids
- Tsunami: Large waves in oceans caused by earthquakes
- Coastal Uplift or Subsidence: Changes in ground level
Past Earthquakes
- The document mentions past significant earthquakes in the Philippines.
- 1976 Moro Gulf Earthquake is one example
Earthquake Load
- Occupancy category (importance of building)
- Distance to the nearest seismic source
- Soil type
- Seismic zone
- Natural period of the structure
Occupancy Category (NSCP 2015)
- Classifications of structures are listed for earthquake design purposes.
Distance to Nearest Seismic Source
- Tools for determining distance to nearest seismic source
Soil Type
- Soft or loose soil leads to higher earthquake loads.
- Hard or dense soil leads to lower earthquake loads.
Seismic Zone
- Maps illustrate seismic zones in the Philippines.
Natural Period of the Structure
- Time required for the structure to complete one cycle of free vibration.
- Examples are presented for calculations.
Wind Load
- Basic wind speed of area
- Exposure category classifying the terrain (B,C,D) as per given standards.
- Topographic effect on wind conditions.
- Gust effect based on the structure's flexibility
- Enclosure classification (open or enclosed buildings)
Fluid Pressure
Lateral Soil Pressure
Ponding Load
- Water accumulating on a roof.
Self-straining Forces and Effects
- Forces from temperature changes, creep, shrinkage, and differential settlement.
References
- Documents referencing the NSCP, ASCE codes, and specific Philippine organizations like PHIVOLCS.
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Description
This quiz explores various types of structural loads that affect buildings, including gravity and lateral loads. It also covers specific considerations related to different loads such as dead weight, live weight, and environmental forces. Additionally, design codes and standards relevant to these loads are highlighted.
