Stress and Eating Disorders
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Questions and Answers

What is a common symptom of Bulimia Nervosa?

  • Indulging in fasting or exercise after binge eating (correct)
  • High prevalence among men
  • Fear of gaining weight
  • Excessive weight loss

    • How do individuals with Bulimia Nervosa commonly compensate for binge eating in the nonpurging sub-type?

  • By consuming large amounts of food at a time
  • By indulging in excessive fasting or exercise (correct)
  • By self-induced vomiting
  • By abusing laxatives

    • What is a significant difference between Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa in relation to hormonal secretion?

  • Bulimia patients show clear HPA-axis dysfunction but Anorexia patients don't (correct)
  • Anorexia patients increase food intake under stress while Bulimia patients don't
  • Both conditions are influenced by bingeing and vomiting on hormonal secretion
  • Both conditions are associated with HPA axis hyperactivation

    • What is the difference between Binge Eating Disorder and obesity?

    <p>Binge Eating Disorder is characterized by a long history of failed attempts to diet and lose weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do restrained eaters and emotional eaters tend to do in response to stress?

    <p>Eat more than usual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the restricted type of anorexia nervosa?

    <p>Self-starvation without purging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of anorexia nervosa involves regular engagement in purging activities to control weight?

    <p>Binge-eating/purging type AN</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is dysregulated in individuals with anorexia nervosa and stress according to the text?

    <p>HPA-axis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is proposed by some researchers as the main determinant responsible for HPA axis alterations in individuals with anorexia nervosa?

    <p>Malnutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is not directly related to anorexia nervosa?

    <p>Stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common social cue that can lead to unhealthy eating habits?

    <p>Eating as the primary activity in social settings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a risk factor for eating disorders as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Positive body image and self-evaluation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom associated with Anorexia Nervosa?

    <p>Rapid weight loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main driving force behind anorexia nervosa, according to the text?

    <p>Social media pressures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of adolescent women are mainly afflicted by anorexia nervosa?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the heritability of binge eating according to the text?

    <p>0.5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group showed greater cortisol response to stress according to the study mentioned?

    <p>Binge eating disorder (BED) women</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of increased cortisol levels as per the text?

    <p>Promotion of visceral fat accumulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some common coping mechanisms mentioned in the text?

    <p>Use of food for stress by women and smoking by men</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What relationship did the text mention between eating pathology and coping strategies?

    <p>Positive relationship with avoidant coping strategies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Obese women are less likely to show alterations in the HPA axis according to the text.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stress can lead to a reduction in dietary restraint, resulting in weight loss according to the text.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A positive relationship exists between eating pathology and adaptive coping strategies.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Women are more likely to use alcohol consumption or smoking to deal with stress according to the text.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cognitive avoidance is a common coping mechanism used by individuals with Bulimia Nervosa.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their descriptions:

    <p>Cognitive avoidance = A coping mechanism commonly used by individuals with Bulimia Nervosa Avoidant coping = Less effective coping style associated with a positive relationship with eating pathology Binge Eating Disorder = Serves as an escape from aversive self-awareness or an attempt to elevate mood Stress and Obesity = Study showing that BED women exhibit greater cortisol response to stress compared to normal subjects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following statements with the correct outcomes:

    <p>Increased cortisol levels = Can produce insulin resistance and promote visceral fat accumulation Poor coping skills = May lead to a rise in stress, resulting in a reduction in dietary restraint and ultimately leading to weight gain or loss Women using food to deal with stress = Men tend to use alcohol consumption or smoking as coping mechanisms Changing Coping Styles in Women = More female alcoholics, but they may do it in secret</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following disorders with their associated characteristics:

    <p>Anorexia Nervosa = Individuals are less optimistic and engage in cognitive avoidance coping mechanisms Bulimia Nervosa = Individuals tend to blame themselves more and have less mastery in response to crisis Obesity (above the waist) = Associated with an increased risk for diabetes due to central fat distribution HPA Axis Alterations in Obese Women = Not as likely to be observed compared to BED women</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common brain change associated with the development of anorexia nervosa?

    <p>Developing a disordered body image</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In individuals with anorexia nervosa, what is often viewed as an important achievement?

    <p>Maintaining a minimal body weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic behavior associated with the restricted type of anorexia nervosa?

    <p>Intense fear of gaining weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the hormonal changes in individuals with anorexia nervosa and stress?

    <p>Dysregulation in the HPA-axis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major difference between the two types of anorexia nervosa mentioned in the text?

    <p>Concurrent self-starvation and purging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant characteristic of anorexia nervosa that differentiates it from other eating disorders?

    <p>High levels of dietary restraint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common feature of Bulimia Nervosa?

    <p>Fear of weight gain and a distorted perception of body shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant difference between Purging and Nonpurging sub-types of Bulimia Nervosa?

    <p>The method used to compensate for binge eating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is not specifically mentioned as being influenced by stress in individuals with Bulimia Nervosa?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common trigger for binge episodes in individuals with Bulimia Nervosa?

    <p>Periods of dysphoric or depressed mood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which comorbid disorder is most commonly diagnosed in individuals with Bulimia Nervosa?

    <p>Major depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Bulimia Nervosa from Anorexia Nervosa in terms of hormonal dysfunction?

    <p>Clear association between symptomatology and HPA-axis dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Eating Disorders and Stress

    • Anorexia Nervosa (AN):
      • Develops in mid-teens, associated with social media pressures and major stressors/trauma
      • Characterized by a refusal to maintain a minimal body weight, pathological fear of gaining weight, and distorted body image
      • Symptoms: rapid weight loss, excessive concern with body shape and weight, preoccupation with food and calories, decrease in variety of foods eaten, skipping meals, ritualized eating and food preparation, menstrual irregularities/loss of menses, excessive exercise
      • Afflicts mainly adolescent women, with a lifetime prevalence of 0.5%
      • Two types: restricted type and binge-eating/purging type
    • Bulimia Nervosa (BN):
      • Characterized by fear of loss of control over eating, excessive concern with body shape and weight, and feelings of shame and secrecy concerning bulimic behaviors
      • Symptoms: consuming large amounts of food at one time, self-induced vomiting, abuse of laxatives, diuretics or diet pills
      • Two types: purging sub-type and nonpurging sub-type
      • Onset: late adolescence or early adulthood, with a lifetime prevalence of 1-3% among women
    • Binge Eating Disorder (BED):
      • Characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating without purging or fasting, feelings of disgust, poor self-esteem, and concerns about weight and body shape
      • Symptoms: bingeing, feelings of lack of control, weight gain, and failed attempts to diet and lose weight
      • Onset: late adolescence or early adulthood, with a prevalence of 1-3%
    • Coping Mechanisms:
      • Poor coping skills can lead to a rise in stress, which can result in weight gain or loss
      • Women are more likely to use food to deal with stress, while men tend to use alcohol consumption or smoking
    • Stress and Eating Disorders:
      • Stress can lead to HPA axis dysregulation, bingeing, and purging
      • Both BN and healthy women increase food intake of carbohydrates following a stressor
      • Stress has been associated with the onset of BN and BED
    • Obesity:
      • Not considered a mental disorder/eating disorder in the DSM
      • Estimated to affect approximately 5 million Americans
      • Rate of obesity among teenagers and adolescents is 17%
      • Risk factors: gender, race or ethnicity, childhood eating and gastrointestinal problems, elevated shape and weight concerns, sexual abuse, and distorted body image### Anorexia Nervosa
    • Types of anorexia nervosa:
      • Restricted type: self-starvation without purging
      • Binge-eating/purging type: self-starvation with purging activities
    • Characteristics:
      • Fear of gaining weight
      • Distorted body image
      • Refusal to maintain a minimal body weight
      • Pathological fear of gaining weight
      • Weight loss viewed as an important achievement
    • Onset: early to middle teens, often following life stressors or dieting
    • Lifetime prevalence: 0.5%
    • Afflicts mainly adolescent women, with 10 times more females than males affected
    • Increasing trend towards early-onset anorexia in girls between 8 and 13 years old

    Anorexia Nervosa and Stress

    • Dysregulation of the HPA axis
    • Difficulty in establishing whether HPA axis abnormalities are related to starvation and weight loss or to anorexia nervosa itself
    • Stress leads to hypersecretion of CHR, but this is not directly related to anorexia nervosa

    Bulimia Nervosa (BN)

    • Symptoms:
      • Fear of loss of control over eating
      • Excessive concern with body shape and weight
      • Feelings of shame and secrecy concerning bulimic behaviors
      • Bingeing and purging
    • Important features:
      • Recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by purging or fasting
      • Fear of weight gain and distorted perception of body shape
    • Types of bulimia:
      • Purging sub-type BN: self-induced vomiting or misuse of laxatives
      • Nonpurging sub-type BN: excessive fasting or exercise
    • Onset: late adolescence or early adulthood, with 90% of cases being female
    • Lifetime prevalence: approximately 1-3% among women
    • Ten times more females than males are affected
    • Perfectionistic type of people who lose control over eating patterns and become ashamed of their binges
    • Bingeing often occurs in secret and is triggered by dysphoric or depressed mood, interpersonal stressors, or intense hunger following dietary restraint
    • Physical symptoms: permanent loss of dental enamel, menstrual irregularity
    • Comorbid disorder: major depression, with 36-63% of bulimia sufferers diagnosed with depression

    Bulimia Nervosa and Stress

    • HPA axis dysregulation by stress and/or bingeing, which alters cortisol
    • Stress causes both HPA axis hyperactivation and bingeing
    • Bingeing and vomiting do not influence hormonal secretion
    • BN patients do not display a clear association between eating disorder symptomatology and HPA-axis dysfunction
    • Study: both BN and healthy women increase food intake of carbohydrates following stress
    • Stress has been associated with the onset of BN
    • BN patients eat less in general but increase food consumption under stress

    Binge Eating Disorder

    • Symptoms:
      • Fear of loss of control over eating
      • Bingeing without purging or fasting
      • Feelings of disgust and poor self-esteem
    • Characteristics:
      • Onset: late adolescence or early adulthood
      • Prevalence: approximately 1-3%
      • Associated with high levels of depression and impaired social functioning
      • Majority of sufferers are women, but incidence is only 1.5 times higher than in men
    • Binge eating ≠ obesity
    • Obesity: increased risk for diabetes with central fat distribution

    Binge Eating and Stress

    • Restrained eaters and emotional eaters overeat in response to stress
    • Patients are more emotional eaters
    • Moderate heritability (0.5)
    • Binge eating serves as an escape from aversive self-awareness or an attempt to elevate mood
    • Study: BED women showed greater cortisol response to stress compared to normal subjects
    • Obese women show alterations in the HPA axis, probably the effect rather than the cause
    • Increased cortisol levels related to central fat distribution, promoting visceral fat accumulation and risk for diabetes

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    Description

    Explore the relationship between stress, social cues, and unhealthy eating behaviors. Learn about how social and situational cues can influence our eating habits, and the role of negative thoughts in the cycle of automatic eating.

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