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Questions and Answers
What is the primary causative agent of Scarlet Fever?
What is the primary causative agent of Scarlet Fever?
Which of the following symptoms is associated with Scarlet Fever?
Which of the following symptoms is associated with Scarlet Fever?
What treatment is commonly prescribed for Streptococcal Pharyngitis?
What treatment is commonly prescribed for Streptococcal Pharyngitis?
What is a common complication of Group A Streptococcal (GAS) infections?
What is a common complication of Group A Streptococcal (GAS) infections?
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Which symptom is most indicative of glomerulonephritis following a GAS infection?
Which symptom is most indicative of glomerulonephritis following a GAS infection?
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What preventive measure is recommended for individuals with a sore throat suspected to be caused by strep throat?
What preventive measure is recommended for individuals with a sore throat suspected to be caused by strep throat?
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Which age group is most likely to experience Rheumatic fever as a complication of GAS infections?
Which age group is most likely to experience Rheumatic fever as a complication of GAS infections?
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What is the incubation period for Streptococcal Pharyngitis?
What is the incubation period for Streptococcal Pharyngitis?
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What is one characteristic feature of the rash associated with Scarlet Fever?
What is one characteristic feature of the rash associated with Scarlet Fever?
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What is the primary toxin responsible for destroying ciliated epithelium in Pertussis?
What is the primary toxin responsible for destroying ciliated epithelium in Pertussis?
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Which of the following complications is NOT commonly associated with Pertussis?
Which of the following complications is NOT commonly associated with Pertussis?
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What is the recommended vaccine for preventing Pertussis in caregivers to infants?
What is the recommended vaccine for preventing Pertussis in caregivers to infants?
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What percentage of infants with Pertussis are likely to require hospitalization?
What percentage of infants with Pertussis are likely to require hospitalization?
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What is the most effective time for administering antibiotics in treating Pertussis?
What is the most effective time for administering antibiotics in treating Pertussis?
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What historic event highlighted the risks of vaccination for tuberculosis in infants?
What historic event highlighted the risks of vaccination for tuberculosis in infants?
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What is the main danger of the pseudomembrane formed in diphtheria?
What is the main danger of the pseudomembrane formed in diphtheria?
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What is the primary method for diagnosing Pertussis?
What is the primary method for diagnosing Pertussis?
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Which of the following statements about tuberculosis is incorrect?
Which of the following statements about tuberculosis is incorrect?
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What type of bacteria cause diphtheria?
What type of bacteria cause diphtheria?
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Which treatment is effective for diphtheria?
Which treatment is effective for diphtheria?
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How is pertussis primarily transmitted?
How is pertussis primarily transmitted?
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What are the signs of severe pertussis in infants?
What are the signs of severe pertussis in infants?
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What type of immunity do the DPT and DTaP vaccines provide?
What type of immunity do the DPT and DTaP vaccines provide?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding the transmission of pertussis?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the transmission of pertussis?
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What is a major consequence of the exotoxin produced by diphtheria bacteria?
What is a major consequence of the exotoxin produced by diphtheria bacteria?
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What is the characteristic cough associated with pertussis?
What is the characteristic cough associated with pertussis?
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What is the primary characteristic of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in children aged 5-19?
What is the primary characteristic of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in children aged 5-19?
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What type of pneumonia is characterized by gel-like sputum?
What type of pneumonia is characterized by gel-like sputum?
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Which of the following pathogens is primarily associated with infected birds and their droppings?
Which of the following pathogens is primarily associated with infected birds and their droppings?
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Which treatment is recommended for Klebsiella pneumoniae infections?
Which treatment is recommended for Klebsiella pneumoniae infections?
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What is a common transmission route for Mycoplasma pneumoniae?
What is a common transmission route for Mycoplasma pneumoniae?
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Which bacterial pneumonia is known to occur primarily in immunocompromised patients and chronic alcoholics?
Which bacterial pneumonia is known to occur primarily in immunocompromised patients and chronic alcoholics?
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What is a characteristic sign of pneumococcal pneumonia?
What is a characteristic sign of pneumococcal pneumonia?
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Which type of pneumonia can be primarily caused by opportunistic bacteria in a hospital setting?
Which type of pneumonia can be primarily caused by opportunistic bacteria in a hospital setting?
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Which serotypes are covered by the available vaccine for pneumococcal pneumonia?
Which serotypes are covered by the available vaccine for pneumococcal pneumonia?
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Which population is at the highest risk for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP)?
Which population is at the highest risk for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP)?
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What is the primary causative agent of histoplasmosis?
What is the primary causative agent of histoplasmosis?
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What method is NOT used for diagnosing Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP)?
What method is NOT used for diagnosing Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP)?
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Which of the following is a common symptom of histoplasmosis?
Which of the following is a common symptom of histoplasmosis?
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Which treatment is the drug of choice for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP)?
Which treatment is the drug of choice for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP)?
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What is the transmission method for histoplasmosis?
What is the transmission method for histoplasmosis?
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Which statement about Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) is true?
Which statement about Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) is true?
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Which group is NOT considered at risk for disseminated histoplasmosis?
Which group is NOT considered at risk for disseminated histoplasmosis?
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What is the incubation period for histoplasmosis?
What is the incubation period for histoplasmosis?
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Study Notes
Streptococcal Pharyngitis
- Caused by Streptococcus pyogenes, producing erythrogenic toxin, which damages blood vessels and causes a red skin rash.
- Transmitted via direct contact, droplets, and fomites.
- Incubation period ranges from 1 to 3 days.
- Symptoms include sore throat, red tonsils, coughing, sneezing, high fever, and swollen lymph nodes.
- Treatment involves Penicillin or Amoxicillin.
- Prevention includes regular hand washing and consulting a doctor for sore throat tests.
Scarlet Fever
- Characterized by a red rash and strep throat, primarily affecting children under 18 years.
- Transmitted through mouth and nasal fluids, along with fomites.
- Symptoms consist of tiny red bumps on the chest and abdomen, which spread, resembling a sunburn; texture feels like rough sandpaper; throat is red with white/yellow patches; fever reaches 101°F with chills; may also present with strawberry tongue.
- Diagnosis is confirmed through throat culture.
- Treated with Penicillin.
Complications of Group A Streptococcus Infections
- Glomerulonephritis: Inflammation of kidney glomeruli, leading to symptoms such as reduced urination, tea-colored urine, foamy urine, high blood pressure, and potential kidney failure.
- Rheumatic Fever: Serious inflammatory condition affecting heart, joints, nervous system, and skin, most common in ages 6-15. Risk is low due to widespread Penicillin use.
Diphtheria
- Caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which can produce an exotoxin affecting protein synthesis in epithelial cells, leading to pseudomembrane formation.
- Symptoms include sore throat, pseudomembrane causing respiratory blockage which can be fatal, especially in children, and systemic effects in adults.
- Transmission occurs via respiratory droplets.
- Treatment includes Penicillin or Erythromycin.
- Prevention through DPT and DTaP vaccines.
Pertussis (Whooping Cough)
- Highly contagious disease with a 80-100% transmission rate, primarily affecting unvaccinated infants.
- Approximately 5,000-7,000 cases reported annually in the U.S., with increasing incidence since the 1980s.
- Caused by Bordetella pertussis; transmitted through droplets.
- Incubation lasts about 7 days.
- Symptoms progress through three stages:
- Catarrhal Stage: Fever, sneezing, mild cough.
- Paroxysmal Stage: Severe coughing fits, often with a characteristic "whoop" sound.
- Convalescent Stage: Secondary infections are common after 1-6 weeks.
- Diagnosis made via posterior pharyngeal wall culture.
- Treated with Penicillin or Erythromycin, most effective in early stages.
- DTaP vaccination recommended for caregivers and pregnant women.
Tuberculosis (TB)
- Historically, TB was responsible for 20-30% of global deaths from 1600-1900s, with current incidence rising.
- 90% of infected individuals clear the infection without symptoms.
- Transmitted through droplets with symptoms including high fever, chest pain, labored breathing, and rust-colored sputum.
- Treatment options: Penicillin, Erythromycin, and Tetracycline.
Other Bacterial Pneumonias
- Mycoplasma pneumoniae: Major cause of atypical pneumonia in ages 5-19; often presents mild symptoms. Treated with cephalosporins.
- Klebsiella pneumoniae: Causes severe pneumonia in immunocompromised; presents with gel-like sputum; treated with cephalosporins.
- Haemophilus influenzae: Similar to pneumococcal pneumonia; prevalent in chronic alcoholics and immune-compromised individuals.
Psittacosis
- Caused by Chlamydia psittaci, affecting individuals in contact with birds.
- Transmission through direct contact with infected birds’ droppings or respiratory secretions.
Pneumocystis Pneumonia (PCP)
- Caused by Pneumocystis carinii jiroveci, primarily seen in immunocompromised individuals, particularly AIDS patients.
- Symptoms include difficulty breathing, nonproductive cough, and fever; diagnosed via sputum or biopsied tissue samples.
- Treatment with Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole recommended.
Histoplasmosis
- Causative agent is Histoplasma capsulatum found in bird droppings or bat caves.
- Risk groups include infants, older individuals, and those with chronic lung diseases.
- Symptoms typically include malaise, fever, chest pain, and a dry cough. Diagnosis is via chest X-ray or skin tests.
- Treated with Amphotericin B or Ketoconazole.
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Description
This quiz covers the key aspects of Streptococcal Pharyngitis, including symptoms, transmission methods, incubation period, and treatment options. Test your knowledge on the prevention strategies and significance of consulting a doctor. Enhance your understanding of this common throat infection.
