Spirometry Key Definitions

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Questions and Answers

What is the characteristic of obstructive conditions such as asthma and COPD?

Increase FEV1/FVC ratio

Decrease FEV1/FVC ratio

Affect your ability to exhale (correct)

Affect your ability to inhale

What is the site of external respiration?

Lungs (correct)

Red blood cells

Tissues

Cellular membranes

What is the force exerted by gas molecules on surfaces they are in contact with?

Tension

Volume

Partial pressure

Pressure (correct)

What is the partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood?

100 mmHg Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which oxygen is transferred from red blood cells to tissues?

Internal respiration Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of increased pulmonary ventilation?

Increased oxygen levels Signup and view all the answers

What is the volume of air inspired or expired during a normal inspiration or expiration?

Tidal volume Signup and view all the answers

What is the amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled from the lungs in one second?

FEV1 Signup and view all the answers

What is the total amount of air that can be exhaled with effort in a complete breath?

FVC Signup and view all the answers

What is the volume of air remaining in the respiratory passage and lungs after the most forceful expiration?

Residual volume Signup and view all the answers

What is the sum of the tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume?

Vital capacity Signup and view all the answers

What is the ratio that reflects the amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled from the lungs?

FEV1/FVC Signup and view all the answers

What is the most advantageous method of increasing tidal volume during exercise?

Increase the depth of breathing Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why ventilation may not exactly match perfusion in the lungs?

Due to the difference in alveolar dead space Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the relationship between pH and oxygen carrying capacity of haemoglobin?

Bohr effect Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of hyperventilation on the removal of CO2 in the lungs?

Removal of CO2 exceeds body's production Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of ageing on vital capacity and the amount of air moved in and out of the respiratory system per minute?

It decreases Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled from the lungs after taking a deep breath?

Vital capacity Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the active ingredient in the medication used to treat hypothyroidism?

Levothyroxine Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is used to treat gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD)?

Omeprazole Signup and view all the answers

What is the generic name of the medication Lipitor?

Atorvastatin Signup and view all the answers

Which antidepressant medication is known by the trade name Zoloft?

Sertraline Signup and view all the answers

What type of mouthwash is used to treat oral ulceration?

Chlorhexidine Signup and view all the answers

What is the class of medications that includes atorvastatin?

HMCoA inhibitors Signup and view all the answers

What is the meaning of the suffix '-olol' in a drug name?

Beta blocker Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the medication that is commonly used to relieve pain and reduce fever?

Paracetamol Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of understanding the mechanism of action of a drug?

To explore how the drug interacts with receptors Signup and view all the answers

What is the class of medications that includes antidepressants?

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors Signup and view all the answers

What is the common abbreviation for 'in the morning' on a prescription?

Mane Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the British National Formulary (BNF)?

To detail all medicines prescribed in the UK Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following antibiotics is commonly used in dentistry?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason for using lower doses of medications in elderly patients?

Due to altered renal and liver function Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a non-prescription drug commonly used in dentistry for pain and inflammation?

Ibuprofen Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of most drugs?

Acting on specific protein molecules called receptors Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a drug according to pharmacology?

Any natural or synthetic substance that causes an altered physiological response in a living organism Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of pharmacology?

The study of the actions, mechanisms, uses, and adverse effects of drugs Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification of drugs that includes substances used for recreational purposes?

Non-medicinal drugs Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for substances that bind to receptors in the body?

Ligands Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of prescribing drugs in pharmacology?

To prevent or alleviate symptoms of disease Signup and view all the answers

What type of drugs can only be prescribed by certain professionals?

Prescription only Medicines (POM) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for drugs that activate receptors and produce a response?

Agonists Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of antagonists in pharmacology?

To inhibit the physiological response of agonists Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for drugs that have multiple effects on the body?

Pleiotropic Signup and view all the answers

What should a pharmacist review before prescribing medication?

Medical history, underlying disease and other medications Signup and view all the answers

What should a prescriber consider when deciding whether to prescribe a medication?

The minimal dose and duration necessary to meet the patient's need Signup and view all the answers

Why should prescribers inform patients about potential side effects?

To educate them about the importance of adhering to recommended dose and duration Signup and view all the answers

What is a key consideration when prescribing medications for certain populations?

Doses of drugs change in the very young and very old Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to consider a patient's medical history when prescribing medication?

To minimize the risk of unwanted reactions Signup and view all the answers

What type of receptors are involved in fast synaptic neurotransmission?

Receptors directly linked to ion channels Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following receptors is involved in the regulation of growth and differentiation?

Tyrosine kinase-linked receptors Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of G-protein–linked receptors?

Producing a conformational change Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following receptors is involved in the transmission of pain signals?

Opiate receptors Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of receptors directly linked to ion channels?

Opening or closing ion channels Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following neurotransmitters is involved in the regulation of gut motility?

Serotonin Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of Deoxyribonucleic acid–linked receptors?

Binding to DNA Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following receptors is involved in the transmission of neurotransmitters in the central nervous system?

Dopamine receptors Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of muscarinic receptors?

Regulating heart rate and contraction Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following neurotransmitters is involved in the regulation of inflammation?

Histamine Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Alveolar Gas Exchange

Alveolar gas exchange occurs in two sites: lungs (O2 picked up, CO2 released) and tissues (O2 released, CO2 picked up)
External respiration (breathing) occurs in the lungs, while internal respiration occurs in the tissues
Gas exchange depends on partial pressures of O2 and CO2

Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities

Tidal volume: volume of air inspired or expired during normal inspiration or expiration
Inspiratory reserve volume: amount of air inspired forcefully after normal tidal volume
Expiratory reserve volume: amount of air forcefully expired after normal tidal volume
Residual volume: volume of air remaining in respiratory passage and lungs after forceful expiration
Inspiratory capacity: tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume
Functional residual capacity: expiratory reserve volume + residual volume
Vital capacity: tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume
Total lung capacity: tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume + residual volume

FEV1/FVC Ratio

FEV1 (Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second): volume of breath exhaled with effort in 1 second
FVC (Forced Vital Capacity): full amount of air that can be exhaled with effort in a complete breath
FEV1/FVC ratio: reflects the amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled from the lungs
Ratio < 70%: indicates obstructive lung disease (e.g. asthma, COPD)
Ratio >= 70%: indicates restrictive lung disease (e.g. pulmonary fibrosis)

Gas Transport

Oxygen transport: O2 binds to haemoglobin in red blood cells
Carbon dioxide transport: CO2 binds to haemoglobin in red blood cells or dissolved in plasma
Oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve: reflects the affinity of haemoglobin for O2
pH, CO2, and temperature affect the curve, which shifts to the left or right accordingly

Clinical Correlations

Hyperventilation: removal of CO2 in the lungs exceeds body's production
Respiratory alkalosis: results from hyperventilation, leading to increased pH and decreased [Ca2+]
Drugs that affect breathing: stimulants, depressants, and other medications that can affect respiration

Prescribing and Pharmacology

Pharmacology: study of the actions, mechanisms, uses, and adverse effects of drugs
Receptors: protein molecules that drugs act on to produce effects
Agonists: activate receptors, while antagonists inhibit them
Prescribing considerations: medical history, underlying disease, other medications, pregnancy, and breastfeeding

Pharmacology and Receptors

Receptors: protein molecules that drugs act on to produce effects
Types of receptors: 1) directly linked to ion channels, 2) G-protein-linked, 3) tyrosine kinase-linked, and 4) DNA-linked
Agonists and antagonists: ligands that activate or inhibit receptors, respectively

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Description

Test your knowledge of key definitions in spirometry, including tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume. Understand the concepts related to pulmonary volumes and respiratory passages. Assess your understanding of spirometry key terms.