58 Questions
What is the characteristic of obstructive conditions such as asthma and COPD?
Affect your ability to exhale
What is the site of external respiration?
Lungs
What is the force exerted by gas molecules on surfaces they are in contact with?
Pressure
What is the partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood?
100 mmHg
What is the process by which oxygen is transferred from red blood cells to tissues?
Internal respiration
What is the effect of increased pulmonary ventilation?
Increased oxygen levels
What is the volume of air inspired or expired during a normal inspiration or expiration?
Tidal volume
What is the amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled from the lungs in one second?
FEV1
What is the total amount of air that can be exhaled with effort in a complete breath?
FVC
What is the volume of air remaining in the respiratory passage and lungs after the most forceful expiration?
Residual volume
What is the sum of the tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume?
Vital capacity
What is the ratio that reflects the amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled from the lungs?
FEV1/FVC
What is the most advantageous method of increasing tidal volume during exercise?
Increase the depth of breathing
What is the main reason why ventilation may not exactly match perfusion in the lungs?
Due to the difference in alveolar dead space
What is the term for the relationship between pH and oxygen carrying capacity of haemoglobin?
Bohr effect
What is the result of hyperventilation on the removal of CO2 in the lungs?
Removal of CO2 exceeds body's production
What is the effect of ageing on vital capacity and the amount of air moved in and out of the respiratory system per minute?
It decreases
What is the term for the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled from the lungs after taking a deep breath?
Vital capacity
What is the name of the active ingredient in the medication used to treat hypothyroidism?
Levothyroxine
Which medication is used to treat gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD)?
Omeprazole
What is the generic name of the medication Lipitor?
Atorvastatin
Which antidepressant medication is known by the trade name Zoloft?
Sertraline
What type of mouthwash is used to treat oral ulceration?
Chlorhexidine
What is the class of medications that includes atorvastatin?
HMCoA inhibitors
What is the meaning of the suffix '-olol' in a drug name?
Beta blocker
What is the name of the medication that is commonly used to relieve pain and reduce fever?
Paracetamol
What is the purpose of understanding the mechanism of action of a drug?
To explore how the drug interacts with receptors
What is the class of medications that includes antidepressants?
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
What is the common abbreviation for 'in the morning' on a prescription?
Mane
What is the purpose of the British National Formulary (BNF)?
To detail all medicines prescribed in the UK
Which of the following antibiotics is commonly used in dentistry?
All of the above
What is the reason for using lower doses of medications in elderly patients?
Due to altered renal and liver function
Which of the following is a non-prescription drug commonly used in dentistry for pain and inflammation?
Ibuprofen
What is the primary mechanism of action of most drugs?
Acting on specific protein molecules called receptors
What is the definition of a drug according to pharmacology?
Any natural or synthetic substance that causes an altered physiological response in a living organism
What is the main focus of pharmacology?
The study of the actions, mechanisms, uses, and adverse effects of drugs
What is the classification of drugs that includes substances used for recreational purposes?
Non-medicinal drugs
What is the term for substances that bind to receptors in the body?
Ligands
What is the purpose of prescribing drugs in pharmacology?
To prevent or alleviate symptoms of disease
What type of drugs can only be prescribed by certain professionals?
Prescription only Medicines (POM)
What is the term for drugs that activate receptors and produce a response?
Agonists
What is the purpose of antagonists in pharmacology?
To inhibit the physiological response of agonists
What is the term for drugs that have multiple effects on the body?
Pleiotropic
What should a pharmacist review before prescribing medication?
Medical history, underlying disease and other medications
What should a prescriber consider when deciding whether to prescribe a medication?
The minimal dose and duration necessary to meet the patient's need
Why should prescribers inform patients about potential side effects?
To educate them about the importance of adhering to recommended dose and duration
What is a key consideration when prescribing medications for certain populations?
Doses of drugs change in the very young and very old
Why is it important to consider a patient's medical history when prescribing medication?
To minimize the risk of unwanted reactions
What type of receptors are involved in fast synaptic neurotransmission?
Receptors directly linked to ion channels
Which of the following receptors is involved in the regulation of growth and differentiation?
Tyrosine kinase-linked receptors
What is the mechanism of action of G-protein–linked receptors?
Producing a conformational change
Which of the following receptors is involved in the transmission of pain signals?
Opiate receptors
What is the function of receptors directly linked to ion channels?
Opening or closing ion channels
Which of the following neurotransmitters is involved in the regulation of gut motility?
Serotonin
What is the mechanism of action of Deoxyribonucleic acid–linked receptors?
Binding to DNA
Which of the following receptors is involved in the transmission of neurotransmitters in the central nervous system?
Dopamine receptors
What is the function of muscarinic receptors?
Regulating heart rate and contraction
Which of the following neurotransmitters is involved in the regulation of inflammation?
Histamine
Study Notes
Alveolar Gas Exchange
- Alveolar gas exchange occurs in two sites: lungs (O2 picked up, CO2 released) and tissues (O2 released, CO2 picked up)
- External respiration (breathing) occurs in the lungs, while internal respiration occurs in the tissues
- Gas exchange depends on partial pressures of O2 and CO2
Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities
- Tidal volume: volume of air inspired or expired during normal inspiration or expiration
- Inspiratory reserve volume: amount of air inspired forcefully after normal tidal volume
- Expiratory reserve volume: amount of air forcefully expired after normal tidal volume
- Residual volume: volume of air remaining in respiratory passage and lungs after forceful expiration
- Inspiratory capacity: tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume
- Functional residual capacity: expiratory reserve volume + residual volume
- Vital capacity: tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume
- Total lung capacity: tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume + residual volume
FEV1/FVC Ratio
- FEV1 (Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second): volume of breath exhaled with effort in 1 second
- FVC (Forced Vital Capacity): full amount of air that can be exhaled with effort in a complete breath
- FEV1/FVC ratio: reflects the amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled from the lungs
- Ratio < 70%: indicates obstructive lung disease (e.g. asthma, COPD)
- Ratio >= 70%: indicates restrictive lung disease (e.g. pulmonary fibrosis)
Gas Transport
- Oxygen transport: O2 binds to haemoglobin in red blood cells
- Carbon dioxide transport: CO2 binds to haemoglobin in red blood cells or dissolved in plasma
- Oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve: reflects the affinity of haemoglobin for O2
- pH, CO2, and temperature affect the curve, which shifts to the left or right accordingly
Clinical Correlations
- Hyperventilation: removal of CO2 in the lungs exceeds body's production
- Respiratory alkalosis: results from hyperventilation, leading to increased pH and decreased [Ca2+]
- Drugs that affect breathing: stimulants, depressants, and other medications that can affect respiration
Prescribing and Pharmacology
- Pharmacology: study of the actions, mechanisms, uses, and adverse effects of drugs
- Receptors: protein molecules that drugs act on to produce effects
- Agonists: activate receptors, while antagonists inhibit them
- Prescribing considerations: medical history, underlying disease, other medications, pregnancy, and breastfeeding
Pharmacology and Receptors
- Receptors: protein molecules that drugs act on to produce effects
- Types of receptors: 1) directly linked to ion channels, 2) G-protein-linked, 3) tyrosine kinase-linked, and 4) DNA-linked
- Agonists and antagonists: ligands that activate or inhibit receptors, respectively
Test your knowledge of key definitions in spirometry, including tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume. Understand the concepts related to pulmonary volumes and respiratory passages. Assess your understanding of spirometry key terms.
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