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Questions and Answers
What is the consequence of decreased surfactant?
What is the consequence of decreased surfactant?
Lung collapse (atelectasis), difficult inflation and hypoxemia.
What is the cause of respiratory distress syndrome in the context of long-term inhalation of 100% oxygen?
What is the cause of respiratory distress syndrome in the context of long-term inhalation of 100% oxygen?
Long-term inhalation of 100% oxygen can cause damage to the lungs and decrease surfactant production, leading to respiratory distress syndrome.
What is the cause of respiratory distress syndrome in the context of occlusion of one branch of the pulmonary artery?
What is the cause of respiratory distress syndrome in the context of occlusion of one branch of the pulmonary artery?
Occlusion of a branch of the pulmonary artery prevents blood flow to the alveoli, which are responsible for gas exchange. This results in a failure to synthesize surfactant, leading to respiratory distress syndrome.
What is the effect of cigarette smoking on surfactant production?
What is the effect of cigarette smoking on surfactant production?
What specific hormone is essential for surfactant production?
What specific hormone is essential for surfactant production?
How does cortisol influence lung surfactant?
How does cortisol influence lung surfactant?
Why is hyperinsulinism a risk factor for respiratory distress syndrome in infants?
Why is hyperinsulinism a risk factor for respiratory distress syndrome in infants?
What is the primary method for measuring lung volumes and capacities?
What is the primary method for measuring lung volumes and capacities?
The volumes of air inspired or expired during one respiratory cycle at rest are the same for males and females.
The volumes of air inspired or expired during one respiratory cycle at rest are the same for males and females.
What is the maximum volume of air that can be inspired after normal inspiration?
What is the maximum volume of air that can be inspired after normal inspiration?
What is the maximum volume of air that can be expired by forced expiration after normal expiration?
What is the maximum volume of air that can be expired by forced expiration after normal expiration?
What is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration?
What is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration?
What is the importance of Residual Volume?
What is the importance of Residual Volume?
What is the volume of air in the lungs at the end of normal expiration?
What is the volume of air in the lungs at the end of normal expiration?
What is the volume of air in the lungs at the end of maximum inspiration?
What is the volume of air in the lungs at the end of maximum inspiration?
What is the method used to determine FRC, RV, and TLC?
What is the method used to determine FRC, RV, and TLC?
Lung capacities are simply the same as lung volumes.
Lung capacities are simply the same as lung volumes.
What are the two main types of lung measures?
What are the two main types of lung measures?
Flashcards
Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS)
Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS)
A lung condition in newborns, characterized by decreased surfactant, leading to lung collapse and difficulty breathing.
Surfactant
Surfactant
A substance that reduces surface tension in the lungs, allowing for easier inflation.
Atelectasis
Atelectasis
Collapse of a lung or part of a lung.
Tidal Volume (TV)
Tidal Volume (TV)
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Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
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Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
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Residual Volume (RV)
Residual Volume (RV)
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Pulmonary Volumes
Pulmonary Volumes
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Pulmonary Capacities
Pulmonary Capacities
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Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
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Vital Capacity (VC)
Vital Capacity (VC)
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Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
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Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
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Helium Dilution Method
Helium Dilution Method
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Study Notes
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
- Causes:
- Long-term inhalation of 100% oxygen during cardiac surgery
- Pulmonary artery blockage (thrombus)
- Cigarette smoking
- Hypothyroidism (lack of thyroxine hormone)
- Hypocorticism (reduced cortisol levels)
- Hyperinsulinism (excess insulin, common in infants of diabetic mothers)
Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities
- Measured using a spirometer: Lung volumes and capacities are measured in a healthy 70 kg person, who is sitting. The volumes will be 10% smaller in a female.
- Tidal Volume (TV): Volume of air inhaled or exhaled in one breath at rest, typically 500 mL.
- Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV): Maximum volume of air inhaled after a normal breath. Approximately 3000 mL.
- Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): Maximum volume of air exhaled after a normal breath. Approximately 1100 mL.
- Residual Volume (RV): Air remaining in lungs after maximum exhalation. Approximately 1200 mL.
- Functional Residual Capacity (FRC): Sum of ERV + RV; volume in lungs at end of normal breath. 2300 mL.
- Inspiratory Capacity (IC): Sum of TV + IRV; maximum volume of air that can be inhaled. 3500 mL.
- Vital Capacity (VC): Maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after maximum inhalation. Sum of TV+IRV+ERV. 4600 mL.
- Total Lung Capacity (TLC): Total volume of air in lungs after maximum inspiration. Sum of TV + IRV + ERV + RV. 5800 mL.
Other Key Concepts
- Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): Maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a normal breath.
- Decreased surfactant can lead to lung collapse (atelectasis) and difficulty breathing due to hypoxemia (low blood oxygen levels).
- COPD: Causes an increase in residual volume (RV) and functional residual capacity (FRC), sometimes by up to 70% of total lung capacity.
- Measurement and Calculation: Volume measurements can't always be completely measured by spirometry (only measures in/out of lungs). Methods like helium-dilution are used for more complete measurements.
- Minimal Air: Small volume of air remains in lungs even after opening the chest wall.
- Medicolegal Importance of Minimal Air: The presence or absence of minimal air can determine if an infant was born alive (if minimal air is present).
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Description
This quiz covers the causes of Respiratory Distress Syndrome as well as the measurement of pulmonary volumes and capacities. Understand key concepts such as Tidal Volume, Inspiratory Reserve Volume, and others measured with a spirometer. Test your knowledge on respiratory health and its physiological implications.
