Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a common characteristic of hypokinetic dysarthria in individuals with Parkinson's?
What is a common characteristic of hypokinetic dysarthria in individuals with Parkinson's?
Electropalatography is effective for generalizing speech production improvements to non-test words.
Electropalatography is effective for generalizing speech production improvements to non-test words.
False
Name one effect of hearing impairment on articulation.
Name one effect of hearing impairment on articulation.
Difficulty with articulation.
Electromagnetic articulography uses __________ to monitor the movements of speech articulators.
Electromagnetic articulography uses __________ to monitor the movements of speech articulators.
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Match the following treatment methods to their descriptions:
Match the following treatment methods to their descriptions:
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of dysarthric speech?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of dysarthric speech?
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Individuals with hearing impairment do not require auditory feedback to refine their speech production.
Individuals with hearing impairment do not require auditory feedback to refine their speech production.
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What does poor coordination of articulatory movements lead to in individuals with dysarthria?
What does poor coordination of articulatory movements lead to in individuals with dysarthria?
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What does intelligibility depend on?
What does intelligibility depend on?
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Electropalatography involves the use of magnets to visualize tongue movement.
Electropalatography involves the use of magnets to visualize tongue movement.
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What are the most frequent segmental errors caused by dysarthria?
What are the most frequent segmental errors caused by dysarthria?
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What is the primary function of ultrasound in articulatory evaluation?
What is the primary function of ultrasound in articulatory evaluation?
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Cochlear implants amplify sound and direct it to the inner ear.
Cochlear implants amplify sound and direct it to the inner ear.
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___ measures how effectively a client communicates over time through transcription tasks.
___ measures how effectively a client communicates over time through transcription tasks.
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What is the role of acoustic analysis in the context of hearing impairment?
What is the role of acoustic analysis in the context of hearing impairment?
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Match the following techniques with their respective functions:
Match the following techniques with their respective functions:
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Which technique is primarily used for providing real-time feedback on tongue placement?
Which technique is primarily used for providing real-time feedback on tongue placement?
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Electropalatography (EPG) provides direct information about __________ movements.
Electropalatography (EPG) provides direct information about __________ movements.
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Match the following techniques with their respective descriptions:
Match the following techniques with their respective descriptions:
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Glossometry is used to visualize the movements of vocal cords.
Glossometry is used to visualize the movements of vocal cords.
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What is the goal of scaling procedures in measuring intelligibility?
What is the goal of scaling procedures in measuring intelligibility?
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Which of the following statements about suprasegmentals in speech is correct?
Which of the following statements about suprasegmentals in speech is correct?
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Children with hearing aids typically have larger vowel space than those with cochlear implants.
Children with hearing aids typically have larger vowel space than those with cochlear implants.
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What impact does early cochlear implantation have on speech production?
What impact does early cochlear implantation have on speech production?
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Study Notes
Evaluation and Treatment of Articulatory and Resonance Disorders
- This presentation covers evaluation and treatment of articulatory and resonance disorders
- Presented by Glen Nowell, SLP-Reg and based on Ferrand Chapter 7
- Given in CMSD 5050 Speech Science on November 29, 2024
Plan
- Instrumental measures augment perceptual evaluation
- Acoustic and kinematic measures are compared in ax and tx of clients with a variety of articulatory and resonance disorders
- Velopharyngeal function and its measurement and treatment in structural or neurological cases are discussed
Intelligibility
- Listener understanding of a speaker relies on factors such as:
- Articulatory precision
- Speech rate
- Length of utterances
- Familiarity with the speaker's speech patterns (e.g., accent)
- Listener experience
How to Measure Intelligibility
- Rating scales of intelligibility are used as scaling procedures
- Identification tasks involve transcribing words or sentences from a list
- The goal is to evaluate communication effectiveness over time.
- Kinematic information (underlying articulatory movement) is not detailed in this method
Ultrasound
- Ultrasound uses high-frequency sound waves (above 1 MHz) for its short wavelengths
- It functions via reflection, where density affects the reflection
- Structures and their movement can be visualized
- The transducer sends and receives soundwaves (echo)
- Data collection happens at least 20 times per second
- Cross-sectional patient images are formed by the transducer
Electropalatography (EPG)
- A thin acrylic plate with surface electrodes is placed on the hard palate and teeth
- A ground is strapped to the wrist
- Tiny electrical signals are sent per tongue contact
- A real-time visual display shows tongue contact areas on the palate during sound production
Glossometry
- This method visualizes tongue shape and position to provide information on vowel patterns
- A pseudopalate with LED photosensors is used
- The method measures distances between sensors and the tongue in 10 millisecond intervals
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
- Water molecules in the body spin randomly
- Powerful magnets align body hydrogen atoms parallel with the electromagnetic field
- Brief radiofrequencies cause proton resonance and energy increase
- When turned off, molecules release energy as radio waves
- MRI measures this energy to create images according to tissue densities and water content.
- MRI is safe and non-invasive
- No metal allowed
Electromagnetic Articulography (EMA)
- A helmet with electromagnetic coils is worn
- Receiver coils are placed on the articulators of interest
- Articulator movement patterns are displayed as 3D animations on a screen
- It is a safe and non-invasive procedure
MRI of Respiration
- MRI images show respiration and related anatomical structures (e.g., the heart)
Quick Definitions of Consonants
- Stops (plosives): temporarily block airflow, usually with a burst
- Fricatives: turbulence from narrowed airflow
- Affricates: a combination of stops and fricatives
Consonants
- Voicing (voiced/unvoiced)
- Place of articulation (alveolar, interdental, etc.)
- Manner of articulation (stop, fricative, affricate)
- Examples of descriptions (/s/ is unvoiced alveolar fricative)
Assessment and Treatment of Articulation and Resonance Disorders
- Speech production issues (e.g., dysarthria)
- Neurological disorders can affect articulatory precision, range of movement, timing and strength
- Apraxia involved the difficulty in sequencing movements for speech
- Discussion of specific diagnostic features for dysarthria (e.g., amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) and analysis techniques like vowel formants.
Vowel Formant Analysis for Dysarthria
- Plots of F1/F2 gives information about tongue movement patterns in dysarthria
- Dysarthric speakers might exhibit reduced vowel spaces or cluster vowels in specific areas
- A general suggestion is to encourage slower speech for dysarthric individuals
- Measurements on vowels and consonants are presented, with discussion of speech rate differences
- Measures like F1/F2 ratios and VAI/FCR offer valuable insights into vocal tract shapes and sizes
F2 Transitions
- F2 is related to tongue frontness (direct relationship)
- Slope of F2 formant during transition is measured in Hz/msec; so is duration of the transition (msec)
- Slope change of 20-30 Hz or greater over 20 msec is a notable feature
- Flat slopes point to slower tongue movement
- Analysis can be done in early subclinical cases where intelligibility is still normal
Spectral Analysis of Consonants
- Dysarthria impact production of stops, fricatives and affricates
- Differentiating alveolar and palatal fricatives requires precise tongue shape and position.
- Examples of how dysarthria can affect consonant production are provided
Parkinson's
- Hypokinetic dysarthria exhibits an impression of accelerated speech rate but isn't necessarily faster than normal speech
- The speech rate is accelerated due to rigidity during articulatory undershoots.
- Features like less complete stop productions and quicker transitions between consonants/vowels are detailed
Kinematic Measures
- Electropalatography (EPG) gives info on spatial and temporal characteristics of articulation movements
- Common patterns in dysarthric speech include articulatory undershoot (not enough tongue contact), overshoot (too much contact), and posterior tongue placement
- The analysis reveals imprecision, prolonged phonemes, reduced speech rate; and patterns' poor coordination in Parkinson's disease and in apraxia.
Electromagnetic Articulography (EMA)
- Monitoring tongue tip, tongue back, and jaw movements is a practical application of EMA
Hearing Impairment
- Articulation difficulties are common in individuals with hearing problems.
- Factors affecting vocal patterns are detailed (e.g., vowel errors like neutralization)
- Acoustic analysis is relevant.
- Speech sounds and their acoustic/kinematic features are detailed with a focus on how they differ from typical speech
- Tools for aiding communication (e.g., specific programs) with hearing impaired individuals are detailed
Cochlear Implant
- Hearing aids amplify and direct sound to the inner ear
- Cochlear implants directly stimulate the auditory nerve by sending electrical pulses routed through an external microphone, speech processor, and receiver/stimulator implanted in the cochlea
- Information regarding the parts of the implant are given and mentioned
Cochlear Implantation
- Auditory feedback is provided by the implant, which is critical and has been shown to be effective in improving motor patterns.
- Useful measures for pre- and post-implantation performance assessment are discussed regarding acoustics/kinematics
- Different features of the implant is discussed
Speech Sound Disorders
- Delayed acquisition of developmental speech sounds are common, often due to neurological or structural issues (e.g., cleft palate), syndromes or hearing disabilities
- Idiopathic conditions are often encountered
Articulatory/Phonological Disorders
- Substitutions, distortions, omissions (in initial consonants), phonological processes
- Examples such as velar fronting (ting for king), cluster reduction (ting for string), and final consonant deletion (ca for cat)
- Data shows typical development issues
- Difficulties might exist with /k/ and /t/ sounds
Acoustic Analysis for Phonological Processes
- Recognizable but subtle acoustic differences exist between normal and impaired speech, which can be used to predict resolution of disorders
- Phonetic differences in articulation place (e.g., alveolar versus palatal) or voicing (e.g., voice onset time) are measurable features
Voice Onset Time (VOT)
- VOT shows the time between the stop burst and the beginning of vocalization.
- Voiced sounds have VOT of less than 30 msec
- Voiceless sounds have VOT values usually from 30-75 msec
Kinematic Analysis for Speech Sound Disorders (SSD)
- Ultrasound can be used for correcting /r/ production
- The ultrasound can visualize tongue shape and improve articulation. This can be seen after few hours of practice and be observed on the spectrogram
- Electropalatography is effective in diagnosing and correcting velar fronting errors
Cleft Palate
- Velopharyngeal problems (e.g., resonance and articulatory errors) might persist after repair.
- Pressure consonants, compensatory articulation strategies, and abnormal patterns might be affected.
- Electropalatography (EPG) can highlight double articulation and compensatory strategies utilized by patients
Stuttering
- Difficulty with articulation/phonology and dysfluency
- Features of stuttering include prolonged VOTs and longer movement/articulation durations for vowels-consonants
- Slower F2 transition rates in stuttering individuals are highlighted
- Reduced muscle activity through slower and lighter articulation may help alleviating stuttering
Resonance Problems
- Hypernasality is a significant problem, with poor velopharyngeal closure leading to resonance and weak consonants
- Speech articulation can be affected in the production of consonants
- Compensatory strategies where articulation is placed at different locations for consonant production, might be used by clients
- NASOPHARYNGOSCOPY and perceptual evaluation can be effective in assessing these conditions
VPI Assessment (Mayo Clinic)
- This section involves a demonstration of assessing the velopharyngeal function
Fantastic Laryngeal Anatomy Review
- This is a laryngeal anatomy review
Dizzy Gillespie, Not Using Buccinator
- This section shows an image of Dizzy Gillespie and details are about Buccinator muscle usage
Videos
- Links to several videos are provided
Article
- A research article on statistical models of F2 slope in relation to the severity of dysarthria is discussed.
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Description
This quiz covers essential topics in speech and hearing disorders, including characteristics of dysarthria, treatment methods, and the use of various technologies in speech production evaluation. It assesses knowledge about the effects of hearing impairment on speech and the tools available for articulation improvement.
