Spanish Armada and Louis XIV

Absolute Monarchs

• Absolutism is a system where all power rests with one person, typically the top leader.
• Absolutist states often rely on military rule and may utilize prisons or concentration camps.
• Control is exerted over all aspects of society.
• Propaganda and education are used to glorify the leader.
• Citizens are expected to serve the state as a "duty."
• Personal freedom is severely limited, especially freedom of speech.
• Examples of absolute monarchs include Philip II, Elizabeth I of England, and Louis XIV of France.
• Suggested virtues for citizens under absolute monarchies are "duty," "obedience," "loyalty," "order," and "discipline."

European Monarchs: Spain

• In 1516, Charles became King of Spain at 16 years old.
• Charles was born in Belgium, raised by Austrian relatives, and grew up speaking French.
• Charles learned quickly and mastered Spanish along with other languages.
• Charles spoke "Spanish to God, Italian to women, French to men, and German to his horse.”
• Charles needed all languages because became not only King of Spain but also Holy Roman Emperor.

The King Becomes Emperor

• In 1516, the teenaged Charles became King Charles I of Spain
• Charles was a member of the Hapsburg family and prepared to rule as an absolute monarch.
• Absolute monarchs were not limited by having to consult with nobles, common people, or their representatives.
• Absolute monarchs generally believed that they ruled by divine right.
• From about 1500 through the 1700s, absolute monarchs tried to impose their will across much of Europe
• Charles struggled to keep the territories within his empire under control in Spain.

Charles V and the Empire

• Territory included the Low Countries of Belgium and the Netherlands, along with colonies in the Americas.
• In 1519, the throne of the Holy Roman Empire became vacant, and Charles borrowed money to buy votes to become Holy Roman Emperor as Charles V.
• Holdings expanded to parts of Italy, Austria, and various German states.
• Facing enemies, Charles V fought the Ottoman Turks, the French, and rebellious German princes.
• He wanted Europe to be Roman Catholic as Holy Roman Emperor and confronted Protestant leader Martin Luther in 1521, declaring him an outlaw.
• Protestants gained influence, rebellions against Catholic rulers spread, despite Charles’s efforts.

Charles V and the Empire

• Charles V signed the Peace of Augsburg after years of devastating wars between Catholics and Protestants.
• The Peace of Augsburg, signed in 1555, gave each German prince the right to decide whether his state would be Catholic or Protestant.
• Charles' vision of a Catholic Europe never became reality.
• Constant warfare brought him to the brink of bankruptcy.
• Charles V supported Hernán Cortés and Francisco de Cornado.
• Spanish explorers claimed much of the Americas for Spain during his Reign.
• Silver and gold from American colonies in Bolivia, Peru, and Mexico brought Spain fabulous wealth within 20 years.

Dividing the Empire

• Charles V gave up his thrones in 1556, frustrated by his failures in Europe, and decided to divide his large empire between his brother and his son.
• The Brother took over the old Hapsburg holdings in Austria.
• Philip II rule the Netherlands, Spain, Sicily, and Spain's colonies in the Americas.
• Charles V lived the rest of his life in a Spanish monastery, his dream of a unified empire unfulfilled.

Artistic Achievements

• From about 1550 to 1650: Spain had a golden age of artistic achievement, known as the Golden Century
• One of the most prominent painters: El Greco, His work was religious, and his style is famous for elongated human figures
• Another Spanish painter is Diego Velázquez, Velázquez created masterpieces that portray people of all social classes: He was the court painter.
• The Spainish golden age greatest writer is Miguel de Cervantes, whose most famous work, Don Quixote de la Mancha, is is about a man who caught between Medieval and Modern worlds.
• Sister Juana Ines de la Cruz ( a Mexican num) wrote poetry, Prose, and plays.

Spain Under Philip II

• Spain Reached the peak of its grandeur during the reign of Phillip II
• It prospered because of a steady stream of gold and silver that flowed from its American colonies,
• Spain's power grew considerably with its’ immense wealth.
• American gold could not solve Spain's problems.

Religion and Revolt

• King Philip II was a devout Catholic and saw himself as a leader of the Counter-Reformation.
• Phillip married Queen Mary I of England, but she died before she could give birth to an heir who could have returned England to the Catholic faith.
• Philips faith clashed with the Calvinist Protestantism that was spreading through the northern provinces of the Low Countries.
• The Dutch refused to declare the allegiance to Philip
• He sent an army under the command of the Duke of Alba, who set up “Court of Blood” which tortured and executed thousands, and rebellion broke out anew.

Spain and England

• Long before revolt ended, it had deepened another rivalry between Spain and England.
• The English had sent aid to the Dutch rebels as fellow Protestants
• England's assistance to Dutch infuriated Philip but he was also worried about English attacks on his ships.
• England's Queen Elizabeth I was allowing her ship captains to attack Spanish treasure ships coming from America and steal the gold and silver for England.
• Sir Francis Drake destroyed 30 ships in a Spanish harbor and is one of the most infamous sea dogs.
• King Phillip II wanted to stop England from raiding his ships, and return it to the Catholic Church, so he decided to invade England.
• Phillip ordered his navy of 130 ships carrying 20,000 soldiers and called Spanish Armada.
• The Spanish packed ships with soldiers for land invasion but the English set ships on fire and aimed them at remaining Armada.
• In panic and disarray, the Spanish fled before English fireships, damaged ships made their way around, and several were wrecked.

"Crossing the T"

• Naval maneuver allows ships to be in better position to fire
• Ships crossed in line in front of the enemy.
• Allowed ship's guns to fire fully while the enemy couldn't fire effectively.

An Empire in Decline

• The defeat of the Armada did not end Spain which recovered from the loss.
• England remained Protestant, defiant, and undefeated.
• Spain's Real problems were internal because Philips’ was so centralized and trusted no one.
• The court was riddled by factious and suspicion, government action practically came to a standstill.
• Philip spent the wealth from the Americas on constant warfare and borrowed money often because it was never enough, he went bankrupt four times.
• Spain Gradually declined as a major power: Wealth from American gold and silver drove up prices, it did not develop industries, and relied on traditional agriculture.

European Monarchs: France

• The following bullets are associated with a photograph of a map of France.
• Shown on the document are the locations of Universitie du Havre, Université de Caen, Université de Lille III,Université de Nantes, Université de Nice and Université Paul Cézanne.

Streets of Blood!?!

• On August 24, 1572, the Catholic feast day of Saint Bartholomew, many protestant nobles were in Paris the wedding of Henry of Navarre, a Protestent nobleman, to Marguerite de Valois, a Catholic princess.
• Catherine ordered their assassination. The wedding calm the hostiles between Catholic and Protestants that tearing France apart, but Catherine de Medici, the queen of Frances, ordered murdering the protest leader because the attempt had failed.
• In Paris alone, some 3,000 Protestants were killed in the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre.

Religious War and Henry IV

• Soon after the Protestant Reformation began in Germany, it spread to France.
• By the 1560s, about one in ten French men and women was French Calvinist Protestant (Huguenot).
• Many noble families were Huguenots. Protestants threatened Catholic French monarchy.
• The monarchy adhered to all citizens of France shares: “one king, one law, one religion".
• The religious was a challenge to absolute monarchy.

Conflict and a New King

• Fighting broke out between Catholics and Huguenots in 1562 in France.
• Queen of France ordered killing of Huguenots in Paris, because of the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre and estimates the final death toll ranging from 10,000 to 70,000 in 1572.
• Henry of Navarre escaped death by denying Religion: 1593, Henry won by accepting Catholicism and was crowned Henry IV.

Compromise and Progress

• Henry knew compromise was needed to restore Peace: 1598, he gave limited freedom to Huguenots worship by issuing the Edict Of Names; also rule over the 200 towns already in the majority
• With the Edict of Nantes past no longer force the monarch religion/ concept not in effect.
• French Catholics required Huguenots to Support Catholic church financially
• King Henry IV focused on replaying war country/ improved situation; created new industries/ encouraged agriculture/ become respected person/ drain swamps/ canals built/debt built up

Louis XIII and Richelieu

• 1610, one fanatic Catholic stabbed Henry in carriage
• Louis XIII (8) when crowned depended on mother, was able to rule/Catholic Churchmen named Cardinal Richelieu chief minister and trusted advisor
• Louis XIII weak ruler, but Cardinal Richelieu Strengthen the monarchy, and crushed his opponents.

Louis XIII and Richelieu

• Louis XIII and Richelieu wanted Huguenots-lesson 1627 the people of La Rochelle had sided of Huguenots port city, so used a situation.
• Richelieu wanted English forces after 14 months the citizen surrenders his troops cut off by troops Laid siege wall to Catholic all its churches; so, Richelieu ordered citizens down victory signal that resistance was not carried.
• Richelieu had spys that saw also Noble Threat so Richelieu turned suppressing them / series revealed noble punished executions that treason was seen that the King policy also
• The Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) led to Protestants against Catholics in Central Europe during the time frame.
• Instead to bring down Hapsburg the Richelieu brought France, family due to want it conflict Catholics to

Monarchy of Louis XIV

• Richelieu and Louis XIII died, son (Louis XIV) crowned 4 best example history the led Louis great during Monarch time Louis.
• Positive and negative France impacted.

Rise of The King

• Louis XIV became king, with his mother at young age.
• Cardinal Mazarin (chief minister) gave Louis needed the foreign all taught raised Cardinal
• Mazarin Louis died was skills ambassadors/interpreting Cardinal state Louis.
• XIV was different ability State”, Sun King

Absolutism at Versailles

• Louis XIV retained absolute power for the rest of his region and initiated an absolute monarchy in France lasting over a century.
• Royal control: Military, Political, and Economic.
• Louis deprived nobles deprived to Versailles influence outside there the Louis central the drawing Versailles.
• The nobles gained servants by Prestige from local Influence rather building fighting instead of
• Nobles developed habits expenses gambling survive/dependent nobles became power spectacle Ceremony.
• Daily routines/Rituals

Louis and Protestantism

• Louis established absolute smashed once Huguenots Protestantism for since Nantes the of way.
• Richelieu had reign power for not Edict the eliminated
• Louis Revoked in Protestants 200,00 people
• wealth Helped of Louis in financial Merchants move.

Money and Military

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War over a Throne

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Tudors and Parliament

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Austria and Prussia

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Continued Rivalry

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The Stuarts and Parliament

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James I Clashes with Parliament

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Charles 1 Defies Parliament

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Explore the era of the Spanish Armada, including the English captains who challenged Spanish ships and King Philip II's motives for invasion. Learn about Louis XIV's reign, his consolidation of power, and the construction of Versailles.