Solvent Properties of Water in Metabolism and Transport
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Questions and Answers

What is the term for the interaction of a solvent with a dissolved solute?

  • Solvation (correct)
  • Solubility
  • Dissolution
  • Hydration

    • What is the percentage of water in the cytosol?

  • 60%
  • 80% (correct)
  • 70%
  • 50%

    • What type of molecules are unable to dissolve in water?

  • Hydrophobic molecules
  • Polar molecules
  • Hydrophilic molecules
  • Non-polar molecules (correct)

    • What is the term for the upward force exerted on an object in a fluid?

    <p>Buoyancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of xylem sap in plants?

    <p>Transportation of mineral ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the measure of a fluid's tendency to flow?

    <p>Viscosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of water in cellular metabolism?

    <p>To dissolve reactants and enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by 1°C?

    <p>Specific Heat Capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the vacuole in cellular processes?

    <p>To store and expel excess water or waste products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is absent in animal cells but present in fungal and plant cells?

    <p>Cell wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of chloroplasts in plant cells?

    <p>To undergo photosynthesis and produce energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cells lacks a nucleus?

    <p>Red blood cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the biconcave shape of red blood cells?

    <p>To increase their surface area to volume ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about growth is FALSE?

    <p>Growth will continue indefinitely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of enzymes in cellular processes?

    <p>To catalyze chemical reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is present in fungal cells but not in animal cells?

    <p>Chitin cell wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the contractile vacuole in cellular processes?

    <p>To expel excess water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cells has multiple nuclei?

    <p>Fungal hyphae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is most viscous?

    <p>Blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for blood's higher viscosity compared to water?

    <p>The presence of dissolved solutes and cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum magnification of a compound light microscope?

    <p>1500x</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following materials has the highest thermal conductivity?

    <p>Copper</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of an electron microscope?

    <p>High resolving power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main benefit of water's high specific heat capacity for living organisms?

    <p>Stable internal environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the plasma membrane in a prokaryotic cell?

    <p>To regulate what materials enter and exit the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Presence of a nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does water have a high specific heat capacity?

    <p>Due to its numerous hydrogen bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the technique used to prepare cells for electron microscopy?

    <p>Freeze-fracture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of water's high specific heat capacity?

    <p>Stable body temperature in living organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do marine mammals experience greater heat loss in water compared to air?

    <p>Because water has a higher thermal conductivity than air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the cytoplasm in a prokaryotic cell?

    <p>Site of metabolic reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of prokaryotic cells?

    <p>They were the first cells to evolve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ranking of the substances in terms of thermal conductivity from lowest to highest?

    <p>Styrofoam &lt; air &lt; wool &lt; fat &lt; water &lt; copper</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common structure found in all cells?

    <p>Plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of a tissue?

    <p>A group of cells that have differentiated in the same way to perform the same function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of cell specialisation?

    <p>Specialised cells focus on specific tasks, improving efficiency and energy conservation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of multicellular organisms?

    <p>Cells specialise and lose the ability to live independently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many times has multicellularity evolved independently in eukaryotes?

    <p>Many times</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in the evolution of multicellularity?

    <p>Formation of cellular clusters from single cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it difficult to understand the early steps in the evolution of multicellularity?

    <p>Because of limited fossil evidence from hundreds of millions of years ago</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Solvent Properties of Water

    • A solvent is a liquid in which a solute dissolves, while a solute is the substance that dissolves in a solvent.
    • Solvation is the interaction of a solvent with a dissolved solute, and water forms hydrogen bonds with the solute, creating a hydration shell around it.
    • Not everything dissolves in water; nonpolar molecules without a charge (hydrophobic) do not dissolve in water and clump together when exposed to water.

    Role of Water as a Medium for Metabolism

    • Cytosol is the liquid part of the cytoplasm, common to all cells, composed of about 80% water and containing dissolved salts, fatty acids, sugars, amino acids, and proteins such as enzymes.
    • Water is necessary for cellular metabolism as it dissolves reactants and enzymes, allowing catabolic and anabolic reactions to occur.
    • Catabolic reactions break down large molecules into smaller ones, while anabolic reactions build larger molecules from smaller ones.

    Transport in Plants and Animals

    • Mineral ions are transported in xylem sap in plants.
    • Sucrose and other products of photosynthesis are transported in phloem sap in plants.
    • In animals, blood transports:
      • Salt ions (Na+ and Cl-)
      • Amino acids (both negative and positive charges)
      • Proteins (antibodies and those used in blood clotting)
      • Glucose (polar molecule, freely soluble and carried in plasma)
      • Waste products of metabolism (urea, later removed from the blood at the kidney)
      • A small amount of dissolved gases (CO2 and O2)

    Physical Properties of Water

    • Water's physical properties make it the medium of life.
    • Physical properties include:
      • Buoyancy: a force exerted upwards on an object, which can cause it to float or sink.
      • Viscosity: a measure of a fluid's tendency to flow, with thicker fluids having higher viscosity.
      • Thermal conductivity: a measure of a material's ability to move heat across a temperature gradient, with water having high thermal conductivity.
      • Specific heat capacity: the quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of a chemical per unit mass, with water having the highest specific heat capacity of any liquid.

    Cell Structure and Function

    • Similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells:
      • All cells have a plasma membrane.
      • All cells contain genetic material.
    • Structures common to cells in all living organisms:
      • Plasma membrane
      • Cytoplasm
      • DNA
      • Ribosomes

    Prokaryotic Cell Structure

    • Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus, mitochondria, and membrane-bound organelles.
    • They have a simple cell structure without compartments.
    • Prokaryotic cells were the first cells to evolve and are mostly small in size.
    • Functions of structures in prokaryotic cells:
      • Plasma membrane: regulates what materials enter and exit the cell.
      • Cytoplasm: a gel-like fluid substance where metabolic reactions occur.

    Eukaryotic Cell Structure

    • Differences in eukaryotic cell structures between animals, fungi, and plants:
      • Plastids: present in plant cells, including chloroplasts for photosynthesis and amyloplasts for starch storage.
      • Cell wall: present in fungal and plant cells, composed of chitin in fungi and cellulose in plants.
      • Vacuole: present in fungal and plant cells, used for storage and pressurizing the cell.
      • Centrioles: present in animal cells, used for organizing the assembly of structures composed of microtubules.

    Atypical Cell Structure in Eukaryotes

    • Discrepancies:
      • Red blood cells: lack a nucleus.
      • Aseptate fungal hyphae: have many nuclei.
      • Skeletal muscle fibers: have many nuclei.
      • Phloem sieve tube elements: lack a nucleus.

    Evolution of Multicellularity

    • Multicellularity: an organism composed of many cells, where cells specialize and lose the ability to live independently.
    • Evolution of multicellularity:
      1. Formation of cellular clusters from single cells.
      2. Differentiation of cells within the cluster for specialized functions.

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    Related Documents

    IB Biology HL Notes: Water's Role in Life (PDF)

    Description

    Explore the role of water as a solvent in metabolism and transport in plants and animals, including solvation, hydrogen bonds, and hydration shells. Learn about the interactions between water and solutes, and why not everything dissolves in water.

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