3 Questions
What structural feature of aliphatic alcohols increases their water solubility?
The presence of branching in the carbon chain
Which mechanism explains the solvation of molecules and ions by polar solvents through dipole interaction forces?
Solvation through ion-dipole interaction
Why are nonpolar solvents like hydrocarbons unable to dissolve ionic compounds?
Due to their low dielectric constant
Study Notes
Solute-Solvent Interactions
- Solute molecules are held together by intermolecular forces (dipole-dipole, induced dipole-induced dipole, ion-ion, etc.)
- Dissolution occurs when cohesive forces between like molecules are broken and adhesive forces between solute and solvent are formed
Solubility and Polarity
- Solubility of a drug in a solvent depends on the polarity of the solvent
- Dielectric constant (Ԑ) is an index of a solvent's polarity, indicating its ability to separate oppositely charged ions
- Solvents with increasing polarity have increasing dielectric constants
Solvent Selection
- The principle of "like dissolves like" guides solvent selection
- Polar solutes dissolve in polar solvents (e.g., salts and sugar in water)
- Non-polar solutes dissolve in non-polar solvents (e.g., naphthalene in benzene)
Classification of Solvents
- Solvents can be classified as:
- Polar solvents (e.g., water, glycols, methyl and ethyl alcohol) that dissolve ionic solutes and other polar substances
Note: non-polar and semipolar solvents are mentioned, but no additional information is provided in the text.
Test your knowledge on solute-solvent interactions and the factors affecting solubility, such as intermolecular forces and solvent polarity. Understand the role of dielectric constant in solubility of compounds.
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