30 Questions
What is the main reason tap water is not recommended for pharmaceutical purposes?
Possible bacterial contamination
Which type of water must be used for most pharmaceutical operations?
Purified water
What method is used to obtain water for injection?
Sterilization of pyrogen-free distilled water
Why is freshly boiled and cooled water not recommended for long-term storage?
It contains spores that may yield vegetative microorganisms
What are 'hard waters' in terms of their cation content?
Contain Ca and Mg cations
What makes purified water different from tap water?
It is free of solid impurities
Which type of salts are generally water soluble among CaSo4, BaSo4, ZnSo4, and FeSo4?
ZnSo4 and FeSo4
Which inorganic group of molecules is generally water insoluble?
Sulfides
What is the typical solubility trend with regards to increasing molecular weight of organic molecules?
Solubility decreases
Among nitrate, nitrite, acetate, chlorate, and lactate, which ions are generally water soluble?
Chlorate and Nitrate
Which property is not required for other solvent properties essential for solution preparation?
Chemical Reactivity
In general, which type of organic molecules with a polar group are water-soluble?
Branch-chained molecules
Which method uses stills of varying capacities to prepare purified water?
Distillation
What is the purpose of passing water through a column of cation or anion exchangers in the ion-exchange method?
To soften water with high mineral content
Which method involves applying pressure to a solution on one side of a selective membrane?
Reverse Osmosis
Why is the first portion of distilled water discarded in the distillation method?
It contains many foreign volatile substances
What distinguishes deionized or demineralized water obtained from the ion-exchange method?
It has had both anions and cations removed
What is the key advantage of the ion-exchange method over distillation in purifying water?
No requirement of heat
What role does talc play when used in a solution preparation?
Filter aid
How are simple solutions typically prepared?
By dissolving the solute in a suitable solvent
Which factor can discourage the formation of solutions for substances undergoing exothermic reactions?
Heating the mixture
What is the main characteristic of solutions prepared by chemical reactions?
They are created by reacting solutes with each other
Why might reducing the particle size of a solute be beneficial in solution preparation?
To increase the surface area exposed to the solvent
What effect does temperature have on the concentration of a solution according to the text?
Higher temperatures increase solubility
What is the main use of aromatic waters?
To serve as a flavored or perfumed vehicle
Why should aromatic waters be made in small quantities?
To avoid deterioration over time
What is the incompatibility problem associated with volatile oils solutions?
Salting out due to incorporation of soluble salts
How can aromatic waters be prepared using the distillation process?
Returning the distillate multiple times to the still with fresh drug portions
What should be done if an aromatic water becomes cloudy or deteriorates?
Discard it
Why are non-aqueous solutions used for certain materials?
For unstable materials in aqueous media
Test your knowledge on the solubility rules of inorganic compounds. Identify which salts are water soluble and insoluble based on common patterns and exceptions.
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