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Questions and Answers
Which of the following sodium compounds is used as a cathartic, often sold under the brand name "Fleet Enema"?
Which of the following sodium compounds is used as a cathartic, often sold under the brand name "Fleet Enema"?
What is the primary pharmacologic action of sodium?
What is the primary pharmacologic action of sodium?
Which of the following sodium compounds is used as an antidote for zinc poisoning?
Which of the following sodium compounds is used as an antidote for zinc poisoning?
Sodium is a major extracellular fluid cation. What does this mean?
Sodium is a major extracellular fluid cation. What does this mean?
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What is the chemical formula for Sodium Bicarbonate?
What is the chemical formula for Sodium Bicarbonate?
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Which of the following sodium compounds is used as a urinary acidifier?
Which of the following sodium compounds is used as a urinary acidifier?
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Which of the following is NOT a cation used in the triple acetates of sodium?
Which of the following is NOT a cation used in the triple acetates of sodium?
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Which of the following sodium compounds is used as a diuretic?
Which of the following sodium compounds is used as a diuretic?
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Which of these sodium compounds is commonly used to treat mercury poisoning?
Which of these sodium compounds is commonly used to treat mercury poisoning?
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What is the primary use of Sodium Monofluorophosphate?
What is the primary use of Sodium Monofluorophosphate?
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Which compound is commonly known as 'photographer's hypo'?
Which compound is commonly known as 'photographer's hypo'?
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Which of the following is a major intracellular fluid cation?
Which of the following is a major intracellular fluid cation?
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What is the primary function of Sodium Nitroprusside?
What is the primary function of Sodium Nitroprusside?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Potassium?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Potassium?
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Which of the following compounds is used as an antidote for cyanide poisoning?
Which of the following compounds is used as an antidote for cyanide poisoning?
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What is the primary use of Sulfurated Potash (K2Sx.K2S2O3)?
What is the primary use of Sulfurated Potash (K2Sx.K2S2O3)?
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Which of the following compounds is used to detect Ammonia in a solution?
Which of the following compounds is used to detect Ammonia in a solution?
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What is the primary use of Rubidium Chloride (Rb) 82 Injection, USP?
What is the primary use of Rubidium Chloride (Rb) 82 Injection, USP?
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Which of the following compounds is used as a diuretic and buffering agent in pharmaceutical preparations?
Which of the following compounds is used as a diuretic and buffering agent in pharmaceutical preparations?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Ammonium (NH4+)?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Ammonium (NH4+)?
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What is the common name for Potassium Arsenite?
What is the common name for Potassium Arsenite?
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Which of the following compounds is used as a topical anti-infective?
Which of the following compounds is used as a topical anti-infective?
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Which compound is used as a depressant?
Which compound is used as a depressant?
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Which substance is NOT a potassium compound?
Which substance is NOT a potassium compound?
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Flashcards
Lithium Bromide (LiBr)
Lithium Bromide (LiBr)
Used clinically to treat mania disorder and as a desiccant in air conditioning systems.
Lithium Carbonate (LiCO3)
Lithium Carbonate (LiCO3)
The drug of choice for treating mania in bipolar disorder, available in capsules and tablets.
Lithium Oxide (Li2O)
Lithium Oxide (Li2O)
Used as a flux in ceramic glazes, helping to lower melting points.
Lithium Hydroxide (LiOH)
Lithium Hydroxide (LiOH)
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Sodium Acetate (NaCH3COO)
Sodium Acetate (NaCH3COO)
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Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3)
Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3)
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Sodium Bromide (NaBr)
Sodium Bromide (NaBr)
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Dibasic Sodium Phosphate (Na2HPO4)
Dibasic Sodium Phosphate (Na2HPO4)
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Potassium Arsenite
Potassium Arsenite
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Potassium Bromide
Potassium Bromide
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Nessler’s Reagent
Nessler’s Reagent
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Ammonium Carbonate
Ammonium Carbonate
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Ammonium Chloride
Ammonium Chloride
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Ammonium Phosphate
Ammonium Phosphate
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Aromatic Ammonia Spirit
Aromatic Ammonia Spirit
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Ammoniated Mercury
Ammoniated Mercury
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Sodium Hypochlorite (NaClO)
Sodium Hypochlorite (NaClO)
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Dakin’s Solution
Dakin’s Solution
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Sodium Iodide (NaI)
Sodium Iodide (NaI)
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Sodium Monofluorophosphate
Sodium Monofluorophosphate
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Sodium Thiosulfate
Sodium Thiosulfate
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Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate
Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate
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Sodium Ascorbate
Sodium Ascorbate
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Potassium (K)
Potassium (K)
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Study Notes
Group 1A - Alkali Metals
- Members: Hydrogen (H), Lithium (Li), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Rubidium (Rb), Cesium (Cs), Francium (Fr)
Group 1A - Alkali Metals - Chemical Properties
- Univalent (+1 Oxidation State)
- Large atoms
- Highly reactive (reactivity increases with atomic number)
- Form hydroxides that are strongly basic (except LiOH)
- Never found in free state in nature
Group 1A - Alkali Metals - Reactions
- Alkali Metals + X → Halides
- Alkali Metals + O₂ → Oxides, Peroxides, Superoxides
- H → Hydrides
Chemical Properties of Metal Oxides
- Metal oxides are basic
- Nonmetal oxides are acidic
Chemical Properties of Alkali Metal Salts
- Salts of alkali metals are water-soluble, except LiF, Li₂CO₃, and Li₃PO₄
Hydrogen (H)
- Also known as inflammable air or flammable air
- Discovered by Cavendish
- Lightest element
- Has no therapeutic use
- Hydrogen production method: Messerschmidt process (obtain 99% purity hydrogen)
Hydrogen (H) - Industrial Uses
- Haber Process (production of NH₄⁺)
- Hydrogenation of oils (produce margarine)
- Inflating balloons
Hydrogen (H) - Isotopes
- Protium (1 proton, 0 neutrons, 1 electron)
Deuterium
- 1 proton, 1 neutron, 1 electron
Tritium
- 1 proton, 2 neutron, 1 electron
Water (H₂O)
- Most abundant element in the universe
- Important compound of hydrogen
- Universal solvent
- Omnipresent
- Ligand; acid or base; oxidizing or reducing agent
Types of Water:
- Water of Crystallization: water associated when crystals precipitate from aqueous solution
- Water of Hydration: water associated with cations and/or anions of a salt or crystals
- Zeolitic Water: physically held water
- Lattice Water: water coordinated in cationic complex or held in definite lattice structure of crystals
- Natural/Mineral Water: contains dissolved materials (suspended particles, dissolved atmospheric gases, and metabolic decomposition products)
Types of Water (Examples)
- Alkaline Water: Na₂SO₄ and MgSO₄ with NaHCO₃
- Carbonated Water: charged with CO₂ under pressure
- Chalybeate Water: contains Fe, characterized by ferrigenous taste.
- Lithia Water: occurs in a form of carbonate or chloride
- Saline Water: "purgative waters", contain large amounts of MgSO₄ and Na₂SO₄ with NaCl
- Sulfur Water: contains H₂S and deposits S upon exposure
- Siliceous Water: contains very small amounts of soluble alkali silicates
Water Hardness
- Temporary Hardness: contains mainly dissolved Ca and Mg bicarbonate; Can be removed by boiling
- Permanent Hardness: contains mainly dissolved Ca and Mg sulfate & chloride in water; Can be removed via ion-exchange resin
Official USP Waters
- Purified Water: clear, colorless, odorless liquid; purified by distillation or reverse osmosis; used as solvent for large-scale manufacturing;
- Water for Injection: clear, colorless, odorless liquid; purified by distillation or reverse osmosis; contains no added substances; used as solvent for large-scale manufacturing
- Sterile WFI: clear, colorless, odorless liquid; water for parenterals; sterilized; contains no antimicrobial agent or other substances; used for extemporaneous compounding
- Bacteriostatic Water for Injection: SWFI containing one or more suitable antimicrobial agents (eg. benzyl alcohol); sterile vehicle for parenteral preparation (Not for IV)
- Sterile Water for Irrigation: clear, colorless, odorless liquid; water for injection that has been sterilized; contains no antimicrobial agent or other substance; use: an irrigating solution
- Sterile Water for Inhalation: for inhalation use only
Hydrogen Peroxide (H₂O₂)
- AKA: Agua oxigenada, agua oxenada, oxygenated water, oxygenated acids
- Common Use: Antiseptic, treatment for Vincent's stomatitis (severe form of gingivitis) , as mouthwash
- Cosmetic Use: bleaching hair
- Commercial Availability: 10-volume solution – 3%
Lithium (Li)
- Synonym: "earth"
- "lithos" means "stone"
- Lightest of all metals
- Lowest density
- Stored under oil or coated with petrolatum
- Only alkali metal that melts above the boiling point of water
- Bridge element (Li resembles Mg)
Lithium (Li) - Pharmacologic Action
- Depressant
- Diuretic
Lithium (Li) - Side Effects
- Ebstein's anomaly (teratogenic effect)
Lithium Compounds
- Heat exchanger in air conditioners
- Lithium Bromide (LiBr): Clinical Use: mania disorder, Desiccant for aircon systems
- Lithium Carbonate (LiCO₃): DOC for Mania (bipolar disorder)
- Lithium Oxide (Li₂O): Flux in ceramic glazes
- LiAlH₄: Powerful Reducing agent
- Lithium Chloride (LiCl): Manufacture of mineral water, esp. Lithia water
- Lithium Hydroxide (LiOH): Absorbs carbon dioxide, esp. in spacesuits
Sodium (Na)
- AKA: “Natrium” (Latin word, from nature/natural)
- Major Extracellular Fluid Cation
- Cation of choice to optimize the pharmaceutical utility of organic medicaments
- Promotes water retention and should be used in caution to patients with heart & kidney conditions
Sodium (Na) - Triple Acetates
- Zinc Uranyl Acetate
- Mg Uranyl Acetate
- Cobalt Uranyl Acetate (most stable)
- Forms insoluble salts
Sodium (Na) - Pharmacologic Action
- Fluid Retention
Sodium Compounds
- Sodium Acetate (NaCH₃COO): Diuretic, urinary & systemic alkalizer, antacid, IV therapy for metabolic acidosis & hyponatremia
- Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO₃): AKA baking soda, 2nd Major Extracellular Anion (HCO₃⁻) ; urinary & systemic alkalizer, antacid
- Sodium Bromide (NaBr): tx of bipolar disorders & mania
- Sodium Dihydrogen Phosphate (NaH₂PO₄):
Sodium Compounds (cont.)
- Dibasic Sodium Phosphate (Na₂HPO₄): AKA phosphate of soda, sodium phosphate
- Tribasic Sodium Phosphate: aqueous solution is VERY ALKALINE; used to clean glass apparatus
- Cellulose Sodium Phosphate:
- Sodium Carbonate (Na₂CO₃): Anhydrous Na₂CO₃ - soda ash; Dihydrated Na₂CO₃ 2H₂O – trona; Decahydrated Na₂CO₃.10H₂O – sal soda, washing soda, soda crystals
- Sodium Borate (Na₂B₄O₇.10H₂O): AKA borax; alkalinizing agent, eyewash, buffer and water softener, astringent & antiseptic for nose and throat (in Dobell's solution)
- Sodium Chloride: AKA table salt, sea salt, solar salt, brine, rock salt; electrolyte replenisher, preservative, condiment; Component of Ringer's & Lactated Ringer's Solution
- Examples: (IVF): PNSS (0.9%); D5 LRS; D5 WATER; D5 NM; PLRS; D5 0.3% NaCl
- Sodium Citrate (Na₃C₆H₅O₇): anticoagulant; diuretic; systemic & urinary alkalizer; expectorant and laxative; buffer; tx for chronic acidosis
Sodium Compounds (cont.)
- Sodium Sulfate (Na₂SO₄): AKA "Glauber's salt"; cathartic; drying agent for organic solvents
- Sodium Fluoride (NaF): 2% anticariogenic; topical application to desensitize teeth; Fluoride ion: very corrosive; used in glass etching; causes painful and slow-healing burns
- Sodium Gluconate (NaC₆H₁₁O₇): electrolyte replenisher
- Sodium Nitrite (NaNO₂): antidote for cyanide poisoning; vasodilator
- Soda Lime: AKA calyx sodica; CO₂ absorber for anesthesia machines, O₂ therapy, and metabolic tests
- Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH): AKA caustic soda, lye, sosa, soda lye; saponifying agent for hard soap; liquid in preparing glycerin suppositories; deliquescent property
- Sodium Nitrate (NaNO₃): AKA chile saltpeter; meat preservative; for CN poisoning
- Sodium Hypochlorite (NaCIO): AKA Chlorox®; bleaching powder; oxidizing agent, bleaching agent; disinfectant; *Diluted Sodium Hypochlorite (Modified Dakin's Solution): Antiseptic (450-500mg NaCIO per 100 mL H₂O); irrigation for wounds & foot bath
- Sodium Iodide (Nal): lodide ion: has expectorant action; solubilizer of iodine in iodine preparations; antifungal
- Sodium Monofluorophosphate: anticariogenic; primary component of toothpaste
- Sodium Nitroprusside
- Sodium Thiosulfate: photographer's hypo; hypochlor; good reducing agent; cathartic; antidote for CN poisoning
- Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate
- Sodium Saccharin: artificial sweetener
Potassium (K)
- AKA "Kalium"
- Major Intracellular Fluid Cation
- Less deliquescent than Na salts
- Potash - soluble potassium salts
- Roles: Protein synthesis, impulse transmission, acid-base balance, diuretic, activator of several enzymes, contraction of Muscles
Potassium Compounds
- Sulfurated Potash (K₂Sx K₂S₂O₃): Others names: Liver of Sulfur; Potassia sulfurata; Hepar sulfur; Necessary in white lotion, USP; Uses: astringent; protective, treatment of parasitic diseases of skin
- Potassium Acetate (KCH₃COO): Uses: urinary & systemic alkalizer; diuretic; antacid
- Potassium Bicarbonate (KHCO₃): carbonating agent for Magnesium Citrate Oral Solution
- Potassium Bitartrate (KHC₄H₄O₆): Other names: Cream of Tartar, Creamor, Argol, Acid Potassium Tartrate; Uses: ingredient of baking powder to raise dough; laxative
- Potassium Carbonate (K₂CO₃): Other names: Potash; Pearl Ash; Salt of Tartar; Salt of Wormwood; Salt of Peter; Uses: carbonating agent, alkalizer, antacid
- Potassium Chloride (KCI): Clinical use: potassium replenisher for hypokalemic states; Component of Ringer's Solution & Darrow's Solution; Non-medical use: lethal injection (slow IV infusion); Commercial Availability: ER-tablet (Kalium Durules®)
- Potassium Citrate (K₃C₆H₅O₇): systemic alkalizer; expectorant; diaphoretic; OSMOTIC DIURETIC; Commercial Availability: ER-tablet (Acalka®)
- Potassium Gluconate: electrolyte replenisher
- Potassium Hydroxide (KOH): Other names: caustic potash; potash lye; Uses: saponifying agent for Medicated Soft Soap, USP
- Potassium lodide (KI): Other name: Kalium lodatum; USE: iodine solubilizer, expectorant, necessary for Lugol's solution
- Potassium Nitrate (KNO₃): Other names: saltpeter; salt prunelle; salitre; niter; Uses: meat preservative; tooth-desensitizing agent
- Potassium Chlorate (KClO₃): AKA “Berthollet's salt”; Uses: strong oxidizing property; component in toothpaste, gargle, mouthwash
Potassium Compounds (cont.)
- Potassium Permanganate (KMnO₄): Other name: Mineral Chameleon; Condy's crystal/powder; Use in Permanganometry; Other uses: used in bromhidrosis; mycotic infections and poison ivy dermatitis; antidote for strychnine poisoning; Solutions are used for cleansing wounds, ulcers, abscesses, wet dressings, baths in eczematous
- Potassium Metabisulfite: USE: antioxidant
- Potassium Metaphosphate: USE: buffering agent
- Monobasic Potassium Phosphate: Sorensen's Potassium Phosphate; USE: tx of hypercalcemia
- Dibasic Potassium Phosphate: USE: tx of hypercalcemia
- Potassium Sorbate: USE: preservative & antimicrobial
- Potassium Sodium Tartrate: AKA: Rochelle's salt; Sal signette; component in Fehling's B as sequestering agent; USES: cathartic
- Potassium Arsenite
Rubidium (Rb) and Cesium (Cs)
- Very similar in behavior to potassium ion
- Rubidium Chloride (Rb) 82 Injection, USP (Cardiogen®)
Cesium (Cs)
- Cardiac imaging (PET) for patients w/ suspected myocardial infarction
- Used in density gradient centrifugation.
Ammonium (NH₄⁺)
- Pseudo-alkali metal ion
- Aqueous Ammonia: mild alkalizer, often preferred to alkali bases
- Household Ammonia: 10% NH₃ known as 16°
Ammonium Compounds
- Ammonium Carbonate [(NH₄)₂CO₃]: Other names: baker's ammonia, ammonia crystal, sal volatile, ammonium sesquicarbonate, preston salt, Hartshorn; USE: expectorant
- Ammonium Chloride (NH₄Cl): Other names: Sal Ammoniac, Muriate of Ammonia; USE: expectorant; pharmaceutical necessity for Aromatic Ammonia Spirit, USP; "smelling salts" when combined with strong ammonia solution; precipitating agent for Group 4 Cations
- Ammonium Alum and Potassium Alum: USE: astringent; antiperspirant
- Strong Ammonia Solution: USE: preparation of ammonia water by dilution; ingredient in making Aromatic Ammonia Spirit
- Ammonium Phosphate (NH₄)₃PO₄: USES: diuretic and buffering agent in pharmaceutical preparations
- Ammonium Iodide (NH₄I): USE: solubilizer for iodine; expectorant; antifungal
- Ammonium Acetate (NH₄CH₃COO): USE: respiratory stimulant, USE: styptic, buffer component
- Ammoniated Mercury (HgNH₂Cl): AKA: White Precipitate; USE: topical anti-infective
- Ammonium Hydroxide (NH₄OH): USE: to separate bismuth from copper & cadmium; Ammonium Complexes: Copper - Blue; Cadmium - Colorless; Bismuth - White hydroxide
Copper (Cu)
- AKA "Cuprum"
- Only reddish metal
- 3rd most malleable metal
- 3rd best conductor
- Component of hemocyanin (respiratory pigment) & cytochrome oxidase
- Essential trace element
- Each element of this group has a core with an outer shell of 18 electrons, together with a single valence electron in the outermost shell.
- Cu²⁺ - is an example of acid-insoluble sulfide.
Copper (Cu) - Pharmacologic Action
- Protein precipitant
- Enhances physiological utilization of iron (Fe)
- Toxicity: Wilson's Disease
Copper (Cu) - Alloys
- Brass: Cu + Zn ← aka "Metal of Magynoeci"
- Bronze: Cu + Sn (Tin)
- Davarda's Alloy: contain Cu + Al + Zn
Copper Compounds
- Copper Sulfate (CuSO₄): AKA “Blue Vitriol"; "Blue Stone"; used in the preparation of Benedict’s, Haine's & Fehling's Solution
Copper Compounds (cont.)
- Copper Acetoarsenite [3Cu(AsO₂ )₂.Cu(C₂H₃O₂ )₂]: AKA 'Paris Green'; insecticide
Copper Compounds (cont.)
- Cu₃(C₆H₅O₇)₂
Copper Compounds (cont.)
- Astringent in 8% concentration
- AKA: “Scheele's Green"
- Blister Copper: obtained from furnace covered blisters
- Cupric Ferrocyanide: AKA "Hatchsett's Brown"
Silver (Ag)
- AKA: "Argentum"
- Very soft; ductile; malleable metal
- Has oligodynamic action
- Sterling Silver (92.5% + 7.5% Cu [usually])
- Pharmacologic action: protein precipitant
- Toxicity: Argyria
- Antidote: NSS
Silver Compounds (Soluble Salts)
- Silver Nitrate (AgNO₃): Common Names: lunar caustic, lapiz infernularis (caustic pencil); azotas; Component of indelible ink; USES: treatment of warts; prophylaxis for ophthalmia gonorrhea neonatorium
- Toughened Silver Nitrate: Other names: silver nitrate pencil, moulded silver nitrate, fused silver nitrate, fused lunar caustic; USE: removal of warts for canker sores in the mouth
- Ammoniacal Silver Nitrate: AKA: Howe's Solution
Silver Compounds (Insoluble Salts)
- Silver Iodide (AgI): USE: germicide
Gold (Au)
- AKA: “Aurum"
- King of all metals
- Most malleable metal; best conductor of electricity
- Precious metal - expensive
- Can only be dissolved by: Agua Regia: 3HCI : 1HNO₃
- Selenic Acid
Gold (Au) Compounds
- Purple of Cassius: Colloidal Au with Sn(OH)₂
- Toxicity: gold dermatitis
Gold (Au) Compounds (cont.)
- Antidote: BAL / Dimercaprol
- USE: for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis
- Aurothioglucose
- Gold Sodium Thiomalate
- Auranofin
Important Note
- Common adverse effect (AE): glossitis
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Description
Test your knowledge about various sodium compounds and their applications in medicine and chemistry. This quiz covers topics such as pharmacologic actions, common uses, and specific chemical properties of sodium-based substances. Perfect for students in pharmacology or chemistry classes.