Sodium Compounds and Their Uses
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following sodium compounds is used as a cathartic, often sold under the brand name "Fleet Enema"?

  • Sodium Dihydrogen Phosphate (correct)
  • Sodium Bicarbonate
  • Sodium Acetate
  • Sodium Chloride
  • What is the primary pharmacologic action of sodium?

  • Nerve Impulse Transmission
  • Energy Production
  • Muscle Contraction
  • Fluid Retention (correct)
  • Which of the following sodium compounds is used as an antidote for zinc poisoning?

  • Sodium Acetate
  • Sodium Bicarbonate (correct)
  • Sodium Bromide
  • Sodium Dihydrogen Phosphate
  • Sodium is a major extracellular fluid cation. What does this mean?

    <p>Sodium is primarily found outside cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chemical formula for Sodium Bicarbonate?

    <p>NaHCO3 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following sodium compounds is used as a urinary acidifier?

    <p>Sodium Dihydrogen Phosphate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a cation used in the triple acetates of sodium?

    <p>Lithium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following sodium compounds is used as a diuretic?

    <p>Sodium Acetate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these sodium compounds is commonly used to treat mercury poisoning?

    <p>Sodium Formaldehyde Sulfoxylate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of Sodium Monofluorophosphate?

    <p>Anticariogenic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound is commonly known as 'photographer's hypo'?

    <p>Sodium Thiosulfate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a major intracellular fluid cation?

    <p>Potassium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Sodium Nitroprusside?

    <p>Hypotensitive agent (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Potassium?

    <p>Mainly found in extracellular fluid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following compounds is used as an antidote for cyanide poisoning?

    <p>Sodium Thiosulfate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of Sulfurated Potash (K2Sx.K2S2O3)?

    <p>Astringent (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following compounds is used to detect Ammonia in a solution?

    <p>Potassium tetraiodomercurate (II) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of Rubidium Chloride (Rb) 82 Injection, USP?

    <p>Cardiac imaging for patients with suspected myocardial infarction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following compounds is used as a diuretic and buffering agent in pharmaceutical preparations?

    <p>Ammonium Phosphate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Ammonium (NH4+)?

    <p>It is a strong oxidizing agent (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common name for Potassium Arsenite?

    <p>Fowler's Solution (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following compounds is used as a topical anti-infective?

    <p>Ammoniated Mercury (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound is used as a depressant?

    <p>Potassium Bromide (A), Ammonium Bromide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is NOT a potassium compound?

    <p>Sodium Cobaltinitrite (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Lithium Bromide (LiBr)

    Used clinically to treat mania disorder and as a desiccant in air conditioning systems.

    Lithium Carbonate (LiCO3)

    The drug of choice for treating mania in bipolar disorder, available in capsules and tablets.

    Lithium Oxide (Li2O)

    Used as a flux in ceramic glazes, helping to lower melting points.

    Lithium Hydroxide (LiOH)

    Absorbs carbon dioxide, especially used in spacesuits.

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    Sodium Acetate (NaCH3COO)

    Acts as a diuretic and alkalizer, important in IV therapy for acidosis.

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    Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3)

    Commonly known as baking soda, it serves as an antacid and buffer.

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    Sodium Bromide (NaBr)

    Used in the treatment of bipolar disorders and mania.

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    Dibasic Sodium Phosphate (Na2HPO4)

    Used as a saline laxative; also called phosphate of soda.

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    Potassium Arsenite

    A compound also known as Fowler’s Solution, used in medicine.

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    Potassium Bromide

    A depressant often used in pharmaceuticals to reduce anxiety or seizures.

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    Nessler’s Reagent

    An alkaline solution (K2HgI4) used for ammonia detection.

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    Ammonium Carbonate

    Also known as baker’s ammonia, used as an expectorant and in smelling salts.

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    Ammonium Chloride

    Also known as Sal Ammoniac, used as an osmotic diuretic and expectorant.

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    Ammonium Phosphate

    (NH4)3PO4 used as a diuretic and buffering agent in medications.

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    Aromatic Ammonia Spirit

    Spirit of Hartshorn, used as a respiratory stimulant.

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    Ammoniated Mercury

    Also known as White Precipitate, used as a topical anti-infective.

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    Sodium Hypochlorite (NaClO)

    A chemical compound used as an oxidizing agent and disinfectant.

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    Dakin’s Solution

    A disinfectant made from sodium hypochlorite, used for wound irrigation.

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    Sodium Iodide (NaI)

    A compound with expectorant action, used to improve the excretion of mucus.

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    Sodium Monofluorophosphate

    An anticariogenic compound primarily found in toothpaste.

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    Sodium Thiosulfate

    Used as a reducing agent and antidote for cyanide poisoning.

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    Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate

    A cation-exchange resin that binds potassium, used to treat hyperkalemia.

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    Sodium Ascorbate

    An antioxidant form of vitamin C, used to prevent oxidative damage.

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    Potassium (K)

    A major intracellular cation important for muscle function and fluid balance.

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    Study Notes

    Group 1A - Alkali Metals

    • Members: Hydrogen (H), Lithium (Li), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Rubidium (Rb), Cesium (Cs), Francium (Fr)

    Group 1A - Alkali Metals - Chemical Properties

    • Univalent (+1 Oxidation State)
    • Large atoms
    • Highly reactive (reactivity increases with atomic number)
    • Form hydroxides that are strongly basic (except LiOH)
    • Never found in free state in nature

    Group 1A - Alkali Metals - Reactions

    • Alkali Metals + X → Halides
    • Alkali Metals + O₂ → Oxides, Peroxides, Superoxides
    • H → Hydrides

    Chemical Properties of Metal Oxides

    • Metal oxides are basic
    • Nonmetal oxides are acidic

    Chemical Properties of Alkali Metal Salts

    • Salts of alkali metals are water-soluble, except LiF, Li₂CO₃, and Li₃PO₄

    Hydrogen (H)

    • Also known as inflammable air or flammable air
    • Discovered by Cavendish
    • Lightest element
    • Has no therapeutic use
    • Hydrogen production method: Messerschmidt process (obtain 99% purity hydrogen)

    Hydrogen (H) - Industrial Uses

    • Haber Process (production of NH₄⁺)
    • Hydrogenation of oils (produce margarine)
    • Inflating balloons

    Hydrogen (H) - Isotopes

    • Protium (1 proton, 0 neutrons, 1 electron)

    Deuterium

    • 1 proton, 1 neutron, 1 electron

    Tritium

    • 1 proton, 2 neutron, 1 electron

    Water (H₂O)

    • Most abundant element in the universe
    • Important compound of hydrogen
    • Universal solvent
    • Omnipresent
    • Ligand; acid or base; oxidizing or reducing agent

    Types of Water:

    • Water of Crystallization: water associated when crystals precipitate from aqueous solution
    • Water of Hydration: water associated with cations and/or anions of a salt or crystals
    • Zeolitic Water: physically held water
    • Lattice Water: water coordinated in cationic complex or held in definite lattice structure of crystals
    • Natural/Mineral Water: contains dissolved materials (suspended particles, dissolved atmospheric gases, and metabolic decomposition products)

    Types of Water (Examples)

    • Alkaline Water: Na₂SO₄ and MgSO₄ with NaHCO₃
    • Carbonated Water: charged with CO₂ under pressure
    • Chalybeate Water: contains Fe, characterized by ferrigenous taste.
    • Lithia Water: occurs in a form of carbonate or chloride
    • Saline Water: "purgative waters", contain large amounts of MgSO₄ and Na₂SO₄ with NaCl
    • Sulfur Water: contains H₂S and deposits S upon exposure
    • Siliceous Water: contains very small amounts of soluble alkali silicates

    Water Hardness

    • Temporary Hardness: contains mainly dissolved Ca and Mg bicarbonate; Can be removed by boiling
    • Permanent Hardness: contains mainly dissolved Ca and Mg sulfate & chloride in water; Can be removed via ion-exchange resin

    Official USP Waters

    • Purified Water: clear, colorless, odorless liquid; purified by distillation or reverse osmosis; used as solvent for large-scale manufacturing;
    • Water for Injection: clear, colorless, odorless liquid; purified by distillation or reverse osmosis; contains no added substances; used as solvent for large-scale manufacturing
    • Sterile WFI: clear, colorless, odorless liquid; water for parenterals; sterilized; contains no antimicrobial agent or other substances; used for extemporaneous compounding
    • Bacteriostatic Water for Injection: SWFI containing one or more suitable antimicrobial agents (eg. benzyl alcohol); sterile vehicle for parenteral preparation (Not for IV)
    • Sterile Water for Irrigation: clear, colorless, odorless liquid; water for injection that has been sterilized; contains no antimicrobial agent or other substance; use: an irrigating solution
    • Sterile Water for Inhalation: for inhalation use only

    Hydrogen Peroxide (H₂O₂)

    • AKA: Agua oxigenada, agua oxenada, oxygenated water, oxygenated acids
    • Common Use: Antiseptic, treatment for Vincent's stomatitis (severe form of gingivitis) , as mouthwash
    • Cosmetic Use: bleaching hair
    • Commercial Availability: 10-volume solution – 3%

    Lithium (Li)

    • Synonym: "earth"
    • "lithos" means "stone"
    • Lightest of all metals
    • Lowest density
    • Stored under oil or coated with petrolatum
    • Only alkali metal that melts above the boiling point of water
    • Bridge element (Li resembles Mg)

    Lithium (Li) - Pharmacologic Action

    • Depressant
    • Diuretic

    Lithium (Li) - Side Effects

    • Ebstein's anomaly (teratogenic effect)

    Lithium Compounds

    • Heat exchanger in air conditioners
    • Lithium Bromide (LiBr): Clinical Use: mania disorder, Desiccant for aircon systems
    • Lithium Carbonate (LiCO₃): DOC for Mania (bipolar disorder)
    • Lithium Oxide (Li₂O): Flux in ceramic glazes
    • LiAlH₄: Powerful Reducing agent
    • Lithium Chloride (LiCl): Manufacture of mineral water, esp. Lithia water
    • Lithium Hydroxide (LiOH): Absorbs carbon dioxide, esp. in spacesuits

    Sodium (Na)

    • AKA: “Natrium” (Latin word, from nature/natural)
    • Major Extracellular Fluid Cation
    • Cation of choice to optimize the pharmaceutical utility of organic medicaments
    • Promotes water retention and should be used in caution to patients with heart & kidney conditions

    Sodium (Na) - Triple Acetates

    • Zinc Uranyl Acetate
    • Mg Uranyl Acetate
    • Cobalt Uranyl Acetate (most stable)
    • Forms insoluble salts

    Sodium (Na) - Pharmacologic Action

    • Fluid Retention

    Sodium Compounds

    • Sodium Acetate (NaCH₃COO): Diuretic, urinary & systemic alkalizer, antacid, IV therapy for metabolic acidosis & hyponatremia
    • Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO₃): AKA baking soda, 2nd Major Extracellular Anion (HCO₃⁻) ; urinary & systemic alkalizer, antacid
    • Sodium Bromide (NaBr): tx of bipolar disorders & mania
    • Sodium Dihydrogen Phosphate (NaH₂PO₄):

    Sodium Compounds (cont.)

    • Dibasic Sodium Phosphate (Na₂HPO₄): AKA phosphate of soda, sodium phosphate
    • Tribasic Sodium Phosphate: aqueous solution is VERY ALKALINE; used to clean glass apparatus
    • Cellulose Sodium Phosphate:
    • Sodium Carbonate (Na₂CO₃): Anhydrous Na₂CO₃ - soda ash; Dihydrated Na₂CO₃ 2H₂O – trona; Decahydrated Na₂CO₃.10H₂O – sal soda, washing soda, soda crystals
    • Sodium Borate (Na₂B₄O₇.10H₂O): AKA borax; alkalinizing agent, eyewash, buffer and water softener, astringent & antiseptic for nose and throat (in Dobell's solution)
    • Sodium Chloride: AKA table salt, sea salt, solar salt, brine, rock salt; electrolyte replenisher, preservative, condiment; Component of Ringer's & Lactated Ringer's Solution
    • Examples: (IVF): PNSS (0.9%); D5 LRS; D5 WATER; D5 NM; PLRS; D5 0.3% NaCl
    • Sodium Citrate (Na₃C₆H₅O₇): anticoagulant; diuretic; systemic & urinary alkalizer; expectorant and laxative; buffer; tx for chronic acidosis

    Sodium Compounds (cont.)

    • Sodium Sulfate (Na₂SO₄): AKA "Glauber's salt"; cathartic; drying agent for organic solvents
    • Sodium Fluoride (NaF): 2% anticariogenic; topical application to desensitize teeth; Fluoride ion: very corrosive; used in glass etching; causes painful and slow-healing burns
    • Sodium Gluconate (NaC₆H₁₁O₇): electrolyte replenisher
    • Sodium Nitrite (NaNO₂): antidote for cyanide poisoning; vasodilator
    • Soda Lime: AKA calyx sodica; CO₂ absorber for anesthesia machines, O₂ therapy, and metabolic tests
    • Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH): AKA caustic soda, lye, sosa, soda lye; saponifying agent for hard soap; liquid in preparing glycerin suppositories; deliquescent property
    • Sodium Nitrate (NaNO₃): AKA chile saltpeter; meat preservative; for CN poisoning
    • Sodium Hypochlorite (NaCIO): AKA Chlorox®; bleaching powder; oxidizing agent, bleaching agent; disinfectant; *Diluted Sodium Hypochlorite (Modified Dakin's Solution): Antiseptic (450-500mg NaCIO per 100 mL H₂O); irrigation for wounds & foot bath
    • Sodium Iodide (Nal): lodide ion: has expectorant action; solubilizer of iodine in iodine preparations; antifungal
    • Sodium Monofluorophosphate: anticariogenic; primary component of toothpaste
    • Sodium Nitroprusside
    • Sodium Thiosulfate: photographer's hypo; hypochlor; good reducing agent; cathartic; antidote for CN poisoning
    • Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate
    • Sodium Saccharin: artificial sweetener

    Potassium (K)

    • AKA "Kalium"
    • Major Intracellular Fluid Cation
    • Less deliquescent than Na salts
    • Potash - soluble potassium salts
    • Roles: Protein synthesis, impulse transmission, acid-base balance, diuretic, activator of several enzymes, contraction of Muscles

    Potassium Compounds

    • Sulfurated Potash (K₂Sx K₂S₂O₃): Others names: Liver of Sulfur; Potassia sulfurata; Hepar sulfur; Necessary in white lotion, USP; Uses: astringent; protective, treatment of parasitic diseases of skin
    • Potassium Acetate (KCH₃COO): Uses: urinary & systemic alkalizer; diuretic; antacid
    • Potassium Bicarbonate (KHCO₃): carbonating agent for Magnesium Citrate Oral Solution
    • Potassium Bitartrate (KHC₄H₄O₆): Other names: Cream of Tartar, Creamor, Argol, Acid Potassium Tartrate; Uses: ingredient of baking powder to raise dough; laxative
    • Potassium Carbonate (K₂CO₃): Other names: Potash; Pearl Ash; Salt of Tartar; Salt of Wormwood; Salt of Peter; Uses: carbonating agent, alkalizer, antacid
    • Potassium Chloride (KCI): Clinical use: potassium replenisher for hypokalemic states; Component of Ringer's Solution & Darrow's Solution; Non-medical use: lethal injection (slow IV infusion); Commercial Availability: ER-tablet (Kalium Durules®)
    • Potassium Citrate (K₃C₆H₅O₇): systemic alkalizer; expectorant; diaphoretic; OSMOTIC DIURETIC; Commercial Availability: ER-tablet (Acalka®)
    • Potassium Gluconate: electrolyte replenisher
    • Potassium Hydroxide (KOH): Other names: caustic potash; potash lye; Uses: saponifying agent for Medicated Soft Soap, USP
    • Potassium lodide (KI): Other name: Kalium lodatum; USE: iodine solubilizer, expectorant, necessary for Lugol's solution
    • Potassium Nitrate (KNO₃): Other names: saltpeter; salt prunelle; salitre; niter; Uses: meat preservative; tooth-desensitizing agent
    • Potassium Chlorate (KClO₃): AKA “Berthollet's salt”; Uses: strong oxidizing property; component in toothpaste, gargle, mouthwash

    Potassium Compounds (cont.)

    • Potassium Permanganate (KMnO₄): Other name: Mineral Chameleon; Condy's crystal/powder; Use in Permanganometry; Other uses: used in bromhidrosis; mycotic infections and poison ivy dermatitis; antidote for strychnine poisoning; Solutions are used for cleansing wounds, ulcers, abscesses, wet dressings, baths in eczematous
    • Potassium Metabisulfite: USE: antioxidant
    • Potassium Metaphosphate: USE: buffering agent
    • Monobasic Potassium Phosphate: Sorensen's Potassium Phosphate; USE: tx of hypercalcemia
    • Dibasic Potassium Phosphate: USE: tx of hypercalcemia
    • Potassium Sorbate: USE: preservative & antimicrobial
    • Potassium Sodium Tartrate: AKA: Rochelle's salt; Sal signette; component in Fehling's B as sequestering agent; USES: cathartic
    • Potassium Arsenite

    Rubidium (Rb) and Cesium (Cs)

    • Very similar in behavior to potassium ion
    • Rubidium Chloride (Rb) 82 Injection, USP (Cardiogen®)

    Cesium (Cs)

    • Cardiac imaging (PET) for patients w/ suspected myocardial infarction
    • Used in density gradient centrifugation.

    Ammonium (NH₄⁺)

    • Pseudo-alkali metal ion
    • Aqueous Ammonia: mild alkalizer, often preferred to alkali bases
    • Household Ammonia: 10% NH₃ known as 16°

    Ammonium Compounds

    • Ammonium Carbonate [(NH₄)₂CO₃]: Other names: baker's ammonia, ammonia crystal, sal volatile, ammonium sesquicarbonate, preston salt, Hartshorn; USE: expectorant
    • Ammonium Chloride (NH₄Cl): Other names: Sal Ammoniac, Muriate of Ammonia; USE: expectorant; pharmaceutical necessity for Aromatic Ammonia Spirit, USP; "smelling salts" when combined with strong ammonia solution; precipitating agent for Group 4 Cations
    • Ammonium Alum and Potassium Alum: USE: astringent; antiperspirant
    • Strong Ammonia Solution: USE: preparation of ammonia water by dilution; ingredient in making Aromatic Ammonia Spirit
    • Ammonium Phosphate (NH₄)₃PO₄: USES: diuretic and buffering agent in pharmaceutical preparations
    • Ammonium Iodide (NH₄I): USE: solubilizer for iodine; expectorant; antifungal
    • Ammonium Acetate (NH₄CH₃COO): USE: respiratory stimulant, USE: styptic, buffer component
    • Ammoniated Mercury (HgNH₂Cl): AKA: White Precipitate; USE: topical anti-infective
    • Ammonium Hydroxide (NH₄OH): USE: to separate bismuth from copper & cadmium; Ammonium Complexes: Copper - Blue; Cadmium - Colorless; Bismuth - White hydroxide

    Copper (Cu)

    • AKA "Cuprum"
    • Only reddish metal
    • 3rd most malleable metal
    • 3rd best conductor
    • Component of hemocyanin (respiratory pigment) & cytochrome oxidase
    • Essential trace element
    • Each element of this group has a core with an outer shell of 18 electrons, together with a single valence electron in the outermost shell.
    • Cu²⁺ - is an example of acid-insoluble sulfide.

    Copper (Cu) - Pharmacologic Action

    • Protein precipitant
    • Enhances physiological utilization of iron (Fe)
    • Toxicity: Wilson's Disease

    Copper (Cu) - Alloys

    • Brass: Cu + Zn ← aka "Metal of Magynoeci"
    • Bronze: Cu + Sn (Tin)
    • Davarda's Alloy: contain Cu + Al + Zn

    Copper Compounds

    • Copper Sulfate (CuSO₄): AKA “Blue Vitriol"; "Blue Stone"; used in the preparation of Benedict’s, Haine's & Fehling's Solution

    Copper Compounds (cont.)

    • Copper Acetoarsenite [3Cu(AsO₂ )₂.Cu(C₂H₃O₂ )₂]: AKA 'Paris Green'; insecticide

    Copper Compounds (cont.)

    • Cu₃(C₆H₅O₇)₂

    Copper Compounds (cont.)

    • Astringent in 8% concentration
    • AKA: “Scheele's Green"
    • Blister Copper: obtained from furnace covered blisters
    • Cupric Ferrocyanide: AKA "Hatchsett's Brown"

    Silver (Ag)

    • AKA: "Argentum"
    • Very soft; ductile; malleable metal
    • Has oligodynamic action
    • Sterling Silver (92.5% + 7.5% Cu [usually])
    • Pharmacologic action: protein precipitant
    • Toxicity: Argyria
    • Antidote: NSS

    Silver Compounds (Soluble Salts)

    • Silver Nitrate (AgNO₃): Common Names: lunar caustic, lapiz infernularis (caustic pencil); azotas; Component of indelible ink; USES: treatment of warts; prophylaxis for ophthalmia gonorrhea neonatorium
    • Toughened Silver Nitrate: Other names: silver nitrate pencil, moulded silver nitrate, fused silver nitrate, fused lunar caustic; USE: removal of warts for canker sores in the mouth
    • Ammoniacal Silver Nitrate: AKA: Howe's Solution

    Silver Compounds (Insoluble Salts)

    • Silver Iodide (AgI): USE: germicide

    Gold (Au)

    • AKA: “Aurum"
    • King of all metals
    • Most malleable metal; best conductor of electricity
    • Precious metal - expensive
    • Can only be dissolved by: Agua Regia: 3HCI : 1HNO₃
    • Selenic Acid

    Gold (Au) Compounds

    • Purple of Cassius: Colloidal Au with Sn(OH)₂
    • Toxicity: gold dermatitis

    Gold (Au) Compounds (cont.)

    • Antidote: BAL / Dimercaprol
    • USE: for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis
    • Aurothioglucose
    • Gold Sodium Thiomalate
    • Auranofin

    Important Note

    • Common adverse effect (AE): glossitis

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    Test your knowledge about various sodium compounds and their applications in medicine and chemistry. This quiz covers topics such as pharmacologic actions, common uses, and specific chemical properties of sodium-based substances. Perfect for students in pharmacology or chemistry classes.

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