Updated 1A-to-8B Elements PDF

GROUP PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS GROUP 1A – ALKALI METALS MEMBERS: H - Hydrogen Li - Lithium Na - Sodium K - Potassium Rb - Rubidium Cs - Cesium  Fr - Francium GROUP 1A – ALKALI METALS CHEMICAL PROPERTIES: ✓ univalent ✓ +1 Oxidation State ✓ large atoms ✓ most...

GROUP PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS GROUP 1A – ALKALI METALS MEMBERS: H - Hydrogen Li - Lithium Na - Sodium K - Potassium Rb - Rubidium Cs - Cesium  Fr - Francium GROUP 1A – ALKALI METALS CHEMICAL PROPERTIES: ✓ univalent ✓ +1 Oxidation State ✓ large atoms ✓ most reactive (activity , alkalinity with atomic #) ✓ degree of solution with atomic # ✓ form hydroxides that are strongly basic (alkaline), except LiOH ✓ never found free state in nature GROUP 1A – ALKALI METALS CHEMICAL PROPERTIES: H → Hydrides Alkali Metals + X → Halides O2 → Oxides Peroxides Superoxides GROUP 1A – ALKALI METALS CHEMICAL PROPERTIES: ✓ metal oxides are basic, whereas nonmetal oxides are acidic ✓salts of alkali metals are water-soluble, except LiF, Li2CO3and Li3PO4 HYDROGEN (H) “inflammable air” or “flammable air” discovered by Cavendish lightest element  has no therapeutic use PRODUCTION METHOD: Messerschmidt process (can obtain 99% purity hydrogen) INDUSTRIAL USES: – Haber Process – process for production of NH4+ – Hydrogenation of oils – to produce margarine – Inflating balloons (non-therapeutic effect) HYDROGEN (H) Three Isotopes: ISOTOPE Z n0 A Protium 1 0 1  Deuterium 1 1 2 Tritium 1 2 3 Most abundant element in the Universe. Water (H2O) – an important compound of Hydrogen. WATER universal solvent omnipressent ligand; acid or base; oxidizing or reducing agent TYPES OF WATER:  Water of Crystallization – water associated when crystals precipitate from aqueous solution Water of Hydration – water associated with cations and/ or anions of a salt or crystals Zeolitic Water – physically held water Lattice Water – water coordinated in cationic complex or held in definite lattice structure of the crystals WATER NATURAL or MINERAL WATERS: contains dissolved materials such as suspended particles, dissolved atmospheric gases and metabolic decomposition products 1. Alkaline Water – Na2SO4 and MgSO4 with NaHCO3 2. Carbonated Water – has been charged with CO2 under pressure 3. Chalybeate Water – contains Fe in solution or suspension, characterized by ferrigenous taste 4. Lithia Water – occurs in a form of carbonate or chloride 5. Saline Water - “purgative waters”, contain large amounts of MgSO4and Na2SO4 with NaCl 6. Sulfur Water – contain H2S and deposits S upon exposure to atmosphere 7. Siliceous Water – contain very small amounts of soluble alkali silicates WATER WATER HARDNESS: Temporary hardness – Contains mainly dissolved Ca and Mg bicarbonate – Can be removed by boiling Permanent hardness – Contains mainly dissolved Ca and Mg sulfate & chloride in water – Can be removed via ion-exchange resin WATER OFFICIAL USP WATERS 1. Purified Water 2. Water for Injection Description: clear, colorless, odorless liquid; purified by distillation or reverse osmosis and contains no added substances USE: solvent for large-scale manufacturing of parenteral products 3. Sterile WFI Description: clear, colorless, odorless liquid; water for parenterals; sterilized; contains no antimicrobial agent or other substances USE: for extemporanous compounding of parenteral products WATER OFFICIAL USP WATERS 4. Bacteriostatic Water for Injection Description: SWFI containing one or more suitable antimicrobial agents (eg. benzyl alcohol) USE: sterile vehicle for parenteral preparation (Not for IV) 5. Sterile Water for Irrigation Description: clear, colorless, odorless liquid; water for injection that has been sterilized, contains no antimicrobial agent or other substance USE: an irrigating solution *Labeled with: FOR IRRIGATION ONLY and NOT FOR INJECTION 6. Sterile Water for Inhalation WATER  Water Vapor USE: best expectorant HYDROGEN (H) HYDROGEN PEROXIDE (H2O2) AKA: Agua oxigenada; agua oxenada; oxygenated water; oxygenated acids Common Use: Antiseptic; treatment for Vincent’s stomatitis (severe form of gingivitis), as mouthwash Cosmetic Use: bleaching hair Commercial Availability: 10-volume solution – 3%  20-volume solution – 6% 100-volume solution – 30% – Hydrogen Peroxide Topical Solution, USP 10-volume solution – 3% Stabilizer: Acetanilide LITHIUM (Li) Synonym: “earth” “lithos”means “stone”. lightest of all metal lowest density stored under oil or coated with petrolatum the only alkali metal that melts above the boiling point of water bridge element (Li resembles Mg) LITHIUM (Li) PHARMACOLOGIC ACTION: ✓Depressant ✓Diuretic SE: Ebstein’s anomaly (teratogenic effect) NONPHARMACOLOGIC ACTION: ✓Heat-exchanger in airconditioners IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS OF LITHIUM:1. Lithium Bromide (LiBr) Clinical Use: mania disorder USE: desiccant for aircon systems 2. Lithium Carbonate (LiCO3) USE: DOC for Mania (bipolar disorder) Brands: LiCO3 capsules (Eskalith®), LiCO3 tablets (Lithane®); LiCO3 extended-release tablets (Quilonium®) IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS OF LITHIUM:3. Lithium Oxide (Li2O) USE: flux in ceramic glazes 4. LiAlH4 USE: powerful reducing agent 5. Lithium Chloride (LiCl) USE: manufacture of mineral water, esp. Lithia water 6. Lithium Hydroxide (LiOH) USE: absorbs carbon dioxide, esp. in spacesuits SODIUM (Na) AKA: “Natrium” (Latin word, from nature/natural) MAJOR EXTRACELLULAR FLUID CATION cation of choice to optimize the pharmaceutical utility of organic medicaments promotes water retention and should be used in caution to patients with heart & kidney conditions SODIUM (Na) Triple Acetates w/ Sodium (forms insoluble salts) – Zinc Uranyl Acetate – Mg Uranyl Acetate – Cobalt Uranyl Acetate (most stable) PHARMACOLOGIC ACTION: Fluid Retention IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS OF SODIUM1. Sodium Acetate (NaCH3COO) USE: diuretic, urinary & systemic alkalizer, antacid IV therapy for metabolic acidosis & hyponatremia Alkalinizing agent in Benedicts Solution  Cations in Triple Acetates of Sodium are: -Co -Zn -Mg IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS OF SODIUM2. Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3) AKA: baking soda 2nd MAJOR EXTRACELLULAR ANION (HCO3-) USES: urinary & systemic alkalizer, antacid, important physiologic buffer, antidote for Zn poisoning, carbonating agent for effervescent preparations SE: Rebound Hyperacidity, Metabolic alkalosis, Edema IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS OF SODIUM3. Sodium Bromide (NaBr) USE: tx of bipolar disorders & mania 4. Sodium Dihydrogen Phosphate (NaH2PO4) AKA: “fleet enema” as cathartic USES: urinary acidifier source of hypophosphatemia tx of hypercalcemia IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS OF SODIUM 5. Dibasic Sodium Phosphate (Na2HPO4) AKA: phosphate of soda; sodium phosphate PHOSPHOSODA -orally OTC saline laxative “Fleet Phosphosoda” -contains monobasic sodium phosphate & dibasic sodium phosphate IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS OF SODIUM6. Tribasic Sodium Phosphate aqueous solution is VERY ALKALINE used to clean glass apparatus 7. Cellulose Sodium Phosphate  cation-exchange resin that preferentially binds Ca and other divalent ions USE: tx of hypercalcemia IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS OF SODIUM8. Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3) Anhydrous Na2CO3 – soda ash Dihydrated Na2CO3. 2H2O – trona Decahydrated Na2CO3. 10H2O – sal soda, washing soda, soda crystals  USES: antacid, carbonating agent, saponifying agent for fats & fixed oils source of carbonate ion IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS OF SODIUM9. Sodium Borate (Na2B4O7. 10H2O) AKA: borax USES: alkalinizing agent, eyewash, buffer and water softener, astringent & antiseptic for nose and throat in Dobell’s solution 10. Sodium Chloride AKA: table salt; sea salt; solar salt; brine; rock salt USE: electrolyte replenisher, preservative, condiment Component of Ringer’s Solution (Solution of 3 Chlorides) & Lactated Ringer’s Solution (Hartmann’s Solution) IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS OF SODIUM10. Sodium Chloride Examples: (IVF) ✓PNSS (0.9%) ✓D5 LRS ✓D5 WATER ✓D5 NM ✓PLRS ✓D5 0.3% NaCl  ✓D5 NSS ✓D5 NR ✓D5 IMB IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS OF SODIUM11. Sodium Citrate (Na3C6H5O7) USES: anticoagulant; diuretic; systemic & urinary alkalizer; expectorant and laxative; buffer; tx for chronic acidosis SE: may cause bleeding 12. Sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) AKA: “Glauber’s salt” USES: cathartic; drying agent for organic solvents IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS OF SODIUM13. Sodium Fluoride (NaF) 2% anticariogenic (prevent dental caries); topical application is used to desensitize teeth Fluoride ion: very corrosive; used in glass etching; causes painful and slow healing burns; very toxic Chronic Ingestion: mottling of enamel (dental fluorosis) IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS OF SODIUM14. Sodium Gluconate (NaC6H11O7) USE: electrolyte replenisher 15. Sodium Nitrite (NaNO2) antidote for cyanide poisoning vasodilator 16. Soda Lime AKA: calyx sodica USE: CO2-absorber for anesthesia machines, O2 therapy and metabolic tests IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS OF SODIUM17. Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) AKA: caustic soda; lye; sosa; soda lye USES: saponifying agent for hard soap; liquid used in preparing glycerin suppositories deliquescent property 18. Sodium Nitrate (NaNO3) AKA: chile saltpeter - USES: meat preservative; for CN poisoning IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS OF SODIUM19. Sodium Hypochlorite (NaClO) AKA: Chlorox®; bleaching powder USES: oxidizing agent; bleaching agent; disinfectant *Diluted Sodium Hypochlorite – Modified Dakin’s Solution: Antiseptic (450-500mg NaClO per 100 mL H2O); irrigation for wounds & foot bath –  Dakin’s Solution: Disinfectant Labarraque’s solution: 2.5% NaClO 0.025% NaClO Topical Solution IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS OF SODIUM20. Sodium Iodide (NaI) Iodide ion: has expectorant action USES: expectorant; solubilizer of iodine in iodine preparations; antifungal 21. Sodium Monofluorophosphate USE: anticariogenic; primary component of toothpaste 22. Sodium Nitroprusside  Brand Name: Nitropress® USE: hypotensive agent Note: Should be protected from light. IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS OF SODIUM23. Sodium Thiosulfate Other Names: photographer’s hypo; hypochlor USE: good reducing agent; cathartic; antidote for CN- poisoning 24. Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate  Brand Name: Kayexalate® USE: cation-exchange resin administered orally or + rectally which preferentially binds K IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS OF SODIUM25. Sodium Sulfide USE: for removal of pain and discomfort of ingrown toenails 26. Sodium Saccharin USE: artificial sweetener 27. Sodium Ascorbate  USE: antioxidant (Potencee®) 28. Sodium Formaldehyde Sulfoxylate USE: best antidote for mercury poisoning particularly for the bichloride salt IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS OF SODIUM29. Sodium Metabisulfite USE: antioxidant; reducing agent 30. Sodium Tartrate USE: laxative; diuretic primary standard for Karl-Fischer reagent 31. Sodium Starch Glycolate USE: tablet disintegrant IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS OF SODIUM32. Sodium Perborate USE: mild alkalinizing agent & deodorant readily releases O2 upon contact with easily oxidizable materials 33. Monosodium Glutamate USE: food & flavor enhancer (Vetsin®) Poisoning: Chinese-restaurant Syndrome POTASSIUM (K) AKA: “Kalium” MAJOR INTRACELLULAR FLUID CATION less deliquescent than Na salts Potash - soluble potassium salts ROLES: ✓ protein synthesis ✓ impulse transmission ✓ acid-base balance ✓ diuretic ✓ activator of several enzymes ✓ contraction of MUSCLES POTASSIUM COMPOUNDS 1. Sulfurated Potash (K2Sx. K2S2O3) Other names: Liver of Sulfur; Potassia sulfurata; Hepar sulfur necessity in White Lotion, USP USES: astringent; protective treatment of parasitic diseases of the skin 2. Potassium Acetate (KCH3COO) USES: urinary & systemic alkalizer; diuretic; antacid POTASSIUM COMPOUNDS 3. Potassium Bicarbonate (KHCO3) USE: carbonating agent for Magnesium Citrate Oral Solution 4. Potassium Bitartrate (KHC4H4O6) Other names: Cream of Tartar; Creamor; Argol; Acid Potassium Tartrate USES: ingredient of baking powder to raise dough; laxative POTASSIUM COMPOUNDS 5. Potassium carbonate (K2CO3) Other names: Potash; Pearl Ash; Salt of Tartar; Salt of Wormwood; Salt of Peter USES; carbonating agent; alkalizer; antacid 6. Potassium chloride (KCl) Clinical use: potassium replenisher for hypokalemic states Component of Ringer’s Solution & Darrow’s Solution Non-medical use: lethal injection (slow IV infusion) Commercial Availability: ER-tablet (Kalium Durules®) POTASSIUM COMPOUNDS 7. Potassium Citrate (K3C6H5O7) USE: systemic alkalizer; expectorant; diaphoretic; OSMOTIC DIURETIC Commercial Availability: ER-tablet (Acalka®) 8. Potassium Gluconate USE: electrolyte replenisher 9. Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) Other names: caustic potash; potash lye USE: saponifying agent for Medicated Soft Soap, USP POTASSIUM COMPOUNDS 10. Potassium Iodide (KI) Other name: Kalium Iodatum USE: iodine solubilizer; expectorant necessary for LUGOL’s solution 11. Potassium Nitrate (KNO3) Other names: saltpeter; salt prunelle; salitre; niter USES: meat preservative; tooth-desensitizing agent 12. Potassium Chlorate (KClO3) AKA: “Berthollet’s salt” USES: strong oxidizing property; component in toothpaste, gargle, mouthwash POTASSIUM COMPOUNDS 13. Potassium Permanganate (KMnO4) Other name: Mineral Chameleon; Condy’s crystal/powder Use in Permanganometry Other uses: used in bromhidrosis; mycotic infections and poison ivy dermatitis; antidote for strychnine poisoning Solutions are used for cleansing wounds, ulcers; abcesses; wet dressings; baths in eczematous conditions POTASSIUM COMPOUNDS 14. Potassium Metabisulfite USE: antioxidant 15. Potassium Metaphosphate USE: buffering agent 16. Monobasic Potassium Phosphate Sorensen’s Potassium Phosphate USE: tx of hypercalcemia 17. Dibasic Potassium Phosphate USE: tx of  hypercalcemia POTASSIUM COMPOUNDS 18. Potassium Sorbate USE: preservative & antimicrobial 19. Potassium Sodium Tartrate AKA: Rochelle’s salt; Sal signette c omponent in Fehling’s B as sequestering agent USES: cathartic 20. Potassium Arsenite  AKA: Fowler’s Solution POTASSIUM COMPOUNDS 21. Potassium Bromide (KBr) USE: depressant 22. Potassium tetraiodomercurate (II) (K2HgI4) AKA: Nessler’s Reagent an alkaline solution used to detect Ammonia REAGENTS THAT PRECIPITATE POTASSIUM 1. Sodium cobaltinitrite 2. Tetraphenylboron 3. Perchloric Acid RUBIDIUM (Rb) AND CESIUM (Cs) Very similar in behavior to potassium ion ✓Rubidium Chloride (Rb) 82 Injection, USP (Cardiogen®):  cardiac imaging (PET) for patients w/ suspected myocardial infarction ✓Cesium Chloride used in density gradient centrifugation + AMMONIUM (NH4 ) pseudo-alkali metal ion Aqueous Ammonia: mild alkalizer Often preferred to alkali bases Household Ammonia: 10% NH3known as 16°  ammonia (degrees Baume) Effect: ✓ diuretic ✓ expectorant ✓ anti-cariogenic effect (like F-) AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS 1. Ammonium Carbonate [ (NH4) 2CO3 ] Other names: baker’s ammonia, ammonia crystal, sal volatile, ammonium sesquicarbonate, preston salt, Hartshorn  USE: expectorant pharmaceutical necessity for Aromatic Ammonia Spirit, USP “smelling salts” when combined with strong ammonia solution precipitating agent for Group 4 Cations AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS 2. Ammonium Chloride (NH4Cl) Other names: Sal Ammoniac; Muriate of Hartshorn; Muriate of Ammonia; Salmiac USES: osmotic diuretic; systemic acidifier; expectorant; urinary acidifier 3. Ammonium Alum and Potassium Alum USES: astringent; antiperspirant AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS 4. Strong Ammonia Solution USE: preparation of ammonia water by dilution; ingredient in making Aromatic Ammonia Spirit,  USP 5. Ammonium Phosphate (NH4) 3PO4 USES: diuretic and buffering agent in pharmaceutical preparations 6. Ammonium Iodide (NH4I) USE: solubilizer for iodine; expectorant; antifungal AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS 7. Aromatic Ammonia Spirit, USP Other Name: Spirit of Hartshorn USE: respiratory stimulant 8. Ammonium Acetate (NH4CH3COO) Other Name: Spirit of Minderesus USE: styptic; buffer component 9. Ammonium Bromide (NH4Br) USE: depressant AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS 10. Ammoniated Mercury (HgNH2Cl) AKA: White Precipitate USE: topical anti-infective 11. Ammonium Hydroxide (NH4OH) USE: to separate Bismuth from Copper & Cadmium Ammonium Complexes: ✓ Copper – Blue ✓ Cadmium – Colorless ✓ Bismuth – White hydroxide GROUP 1B – COINAGE METALS MEMBERS: Cu - Copper  Ag - Silver Au - Gold Rg - Roentgenium GROUP 1B (11) – COINAGE METALS CHEMICAL PROPERTIES: ✓ occur free in the metallic state ✓ coinage metals ✓ easy to recover from ores ✓ very malleable ✓ form complexes/ chelates found free state in nature COPPER (Cu) AKA “Cuprum” only reddish metal 3rd most malleable metal 3rd best conductor component of hemocyanin (respiratory pigment) & cytochrome oxidase  essential trace element each element of this group has a core w/ an outer shell of 18 electrons together w/ single valence electron in the outermost shell *Cu2+-is an example of acid insoluble sulfide COPPER (Cu) PHARMACOLOGIC ACTION: ✓ protein precipitant ✓ enhances physiological utilization of Iron (Fe) ✓ Toxicity: Wilson’s Disease ✓Antidote: Penicillamine ✓Two Important Alloys: a. Brass: Cu + Zn → aka “Metal of Magynoeci” b. Bronze: Cu + Sn (Tin) c. Davarda’s Alloy: contain Cu + Al + Zn IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS OF COPPER1. Copper Sulfate (CuSO4) AKA “Blue Vitriol”; “Blue Stone” used in the preparation of Benedict’s, Haine’s & Fehling’s Solution  Iron: increase hematinic activity Antidote for phosphorus poisoning Emetic Component of Bordeaux Mixture IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS OF COPPER2. Copper Acetoarsenite [3Cu(AsO2)2. Cu(C2H3O2)2] AKA ‘Paris Green’ Insecticide 3. Cu3(C6H5O7)2  Astringent in 8% concentration 4. Cupric Hydrogen Arsenite AKA “Scheele’s Green” IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS OF COPPER5. Blister Copper obtained from furnace covered blisters 6. Cupric Ferrocyanide AKA “Hatchett’s Brown” SILVER (Ag)  AKA: “Argentum” very soft; ductile; malleable metal has oligodynamic action Sterling Silver (92.5% + 7.5% Cu [usually] ) Pharmacologic action: protein precipitant Toxicity: Argyria Antidote: NSS IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS OF SILVER SOLUBLE SALT 1. Silver Nitrate, AgNO3 Common Names: lunar caustic, lapiz infernularis (caustic pencil); azotas Component of indelible ink USES: treatment of warts; prophylaxis for ophthalmia gonorrhea neonatorium IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS OF SILVER 2. Toughened Silver Nitrate Other names: silver nitrate pencil, moulded silver nitrate, fused silver nitrate, fused lunar caustic USE: removal of warts for canker sores in the mouth IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS OF SILVER 3. Ammoniacal Silver Nitrate AKA: Howe’s Solution  Component of Tollen’s reagent USE: dental protective IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS OF SILVER INSOLUBLE SALTS 1. Silver Iodide (AgI) USE: germicide Medicinal Uses %Ag (unionized) 2. Silver Antiseptic for eyes 19-23 / 25%  Proteinates Silver Proteinates Mild Silver Protein (Argyrol) Strong Silver Protein (Protargol) Antiseptic for ENT 7.5-8.5% Colloidal Silver Protein (Collargol) General germicide 18-22% GOLD (Au) AKA: “Aurum” king of all metals  most malleable metal best conductor of electricity precious metal – expensive can only be dissolved by: ✓ Agua Regia: 3HCl : 1HNO3 ✓ Selenic Acid GOLD (Au) Purple of Cassius: Colloidal Au with Sn(OH)2 Toxicity: gold dermatitis  Antidote: BAL / Dimercaprol IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS OF GOLD USE: for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis 1. Aurothioglucose 2. Gold Sodium Thiomalate 3. Auranofin Common AE: glossitis