Sociology: Understanding Marginalisation

Understanding Marginalisation

• What is Marginalisation?: The process of pushing a particular group or individual to the edge of society, denying them access to resources, opportunities, and respect.
• Types of Marginalisation:
  1. Social Exclusion: Denying access to social institutions, services, and opportunities.
  2. Economic Marginalisation: Denying access to economic resources, opportunities, and benefits.
  3. Political Marginalisation: Denying access to political power, representation, and decision-making processes.
  4. Cultural Marginalisation: Suppressing or erasing a group's cultural identity, values, and practices.

Understanding Poverty

• What is Poverty?: A state of being deprived of basic necessities like food, shelter, clothing, healthcare, and education.
• Types of Poverty:
  1. Absolute Poverty: Lacking basic necessities, below the minimum level of living.
  2. Relative Poverty: Lacking resources compared to others in the same society.
• Causes of Poverty:
  1. Unemployment
  2. Low Wages
  3. Lack of Education
  4. Social Inequality
  5. Natural Disasters

Constitutional Rights

• What are Fundamental Rights?: Basic rights guaranteed to all citizens of India, as enshrined in the Constitution.
• Types of Fundamental Rights:
  1. Right to Equality (Article 14-18)
  2. Right to Freedom (Article 19-22)
  3. Right against Exploitation (Article 23-24)
  4. Right to Freedom of Religion (Article 25-28)
  5. Cultural and Educational Rights (Article 29-30)

Understanding Parliament

• What is Parliament?: The supreme legislative body in India, comprising the Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, and the President.
• Functions of Parliament:
  1. Law-Making: Creating laws for the country.
  2. Control over Executive: Keeping the government accountable.
  3. Budget and Finance: Approving the budget and overseeing financial matters.
  4. Representation: Representing the interests of citizens.

Understanding Local Government

• What is Local Government?: A system of governance at the local level, responsible for providing basic amenities and services.
• Types of Local Governments:
  1. Rural Local Governments: Panchayats (Gram Panchayat, Block Panchayat, Zilla Panchayat)
  2. Urban Local Governments: Municipalities (Nagar Panchayat, Municipal Council, Municipal Corporation)
• Functions of Local Governments:
  1. Providing Basic Amenities: Water, sanitation, healthcare, education, etc.
  2. Maintaining Law and Order: Ensuring safety and security in the locality.

Understanding Marginalisation

• Marginalisation is the process of pushing a particular group or individual to the edge of society, denying them access to resources, opportunities, and respect.
• There are four types of marginalisation: social, economic, political, and cultural.
• Social exclusion denies access to social institutions, services, and opportunities.
• Economic marginalisation denies access to economic resources, opportunities, and benefits.
• Political marginalisation denies access to political power, representation, and decision-making processes.
• Cultural marginalisation suppresses or erases a group's cultural identity, values, and practices.

Understanding Poverty

• Poverty is a state of being deprived of basic necessities like food, shelter, clothing, healthcare, and education.
• There are two types of poverty: absolute and relative.
• Absolute poverty lacks basic necessities, below the minimum level of living.
• Relative poverty lacks resources compared to others in the same society.
• Causes of poverty include unemployment, low wages, lack of education, social inequality, and natural disasters.

Constitutional Rights

• Fundamental rights are basic rights guaranteed to all citizens of India, as enshrined in the Constitution.
• There are five types of fundamental rights: right to equality, right to freedom, right against exploitation, right to freedom of religion, and cultural and educational rights.
• Right to equality includes equality before law, prohibition of discrimination, and equality of opportunity.
• Right to freedom includes freedom of speech, assembly, and movement.

Understanding Parliament

• Parliament is the supreme legislative body in India, comprising the Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, and the President.
• Functions of Parliament include law-making, control over the executive, budget and finance, and representation.
• Parliament makes laws for the country, keeps the government accountable, approves the budget, and oversees financial matters.
• Parliament represents the interests of citizens.

Understanding Local Government

• Local government is a system of governance at the local level, responsible for providing basic amenities and services.
• There are two types of local governments: rural and urban.
• Rural local governments include panchayats (Gram Panchayat, Block Panchayat, Zilla Panchayat).
• Urban local governments include municipalities (Nagar Panchayat, Municipal Council, Municipal Corporation).
• Functions of local governments include providing basic amenities and maintaining law and order.