Sociology: Understanding Marginalisation

Study Notes

Understanding Marginalisation

What is Marginalisation?: The process of pushing a particular group or individual to the edge of society, denying them access to resources, opportunities, and respect.
Types of Marginalisation:
1. Social Exclusion: Denying access to social institutions, services, and opportunities.
2. Economic Marginalisation: Denying access to economic resources, opportunities, and benefits.
3. Political Marginalisation: Denying access to political power, representation, and decision-making processes.
4. Cultural Marginalisation: Suppressing or erasing a group's cultural identity, values, and practices.

Understanding Poverty

What is Poverty?: A state of being deprived of basic necessities like food, shelter, clothing, healthcare, and education.
Types of Poverty:
1. Absolute Poverty: Lacking basic necessities, below the minimum level of living.
2. Relative Poverty: Lacking resources compared to others in the same society.
Causes of Poverty:
1. Unemployment
2. Low Wages
3. Lack of Education
4. Social Inequality
5. Natural Disasters

Constitutional Rights

What are Fundamental Rights?: Basic rights guaranteed to all citizens of India, as enshrined in the Constitution.
Types of Fundamental Rights:
1. Right to Equality (Article 14-18)
2. Right to Freedom (Article 19-22)
3. Right against Exploitation (Article 23-24)
4. Right to Freedom of Religion (Article 25-28)
5. Cultural and Educational Rights (Article 29-30)

Understanding Parliament

What is Parliament?: The supreme legislative body in India, comprising the Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, and the President.
Functions of Parliament:
1. Law-Making: Creating laws for the country.
2. Control over Executive: Keeping the government accountable.
3. Budget and Finance: Approving the budget and overseeing financial matters.
4. Representation: Representing the interests of citizens.

Understanding Local Government

What is Local Government?: A system of governance at the local level, responsible for providing basic amenities and services.
Types of Local Governments:
1. Rural Local Governments: Panchayats (Gram Panchayat, Block Panchayat, Zilla Panchayat)
2. Urban Local Governments: Municipalities (Nagar Panchayat, Municipal Council, Municipal Corporation)
Functions of Local Governments:
1. Providing Basic Amenities: Water, sanitation, healthcare, education, etc.
2. Maintaining Law and Order: Ensuring safety and security in the locality.

Understanding Marginalisation

Marginalisation is the process of pushing a particular group or individual to the edge of society, denying them access to resources, opportunities, and respect.
There are four types of marginalisation: social, economic, political, and cultural.
Social exclusion denies access to social institutions, services, and opportunities.
Economic marginalisation denies access to economic resources, opportunities, and benefits.
Political marginalisation denies access to political power, representation, and decision-making processes.
Cultural marginalisation suppresses or erases a group's cultural identity, values, and practices.

Understanding Poverty

Poverty is a state of being deprived of basic necessities like food, shelter, clothing, healthcare, and education.
There are two types of poverty: absolute and relative.
Absolute poverty lacks basic necessities, below the minimum level of living.
Relative poverty lacks resources compared to others in the same society.
Causes of poverty include unemployment, low wages, lack of education, social inequality, and natural disasters.

Constitutional Rights

Fundamental rights are basic rights guaranteed to all citizens of India, as enshrined in the Constitution.
There are five types of fundamental rights: right to equality, right to freedom, right against exploitation, right to freedom of religion, and cultural and educational rights.
Right to equality includes equality before law, prohibition of discrimination, and equality of opportunity.
Right to freedom includes freedom of speech, assembly, and movement.

Understanding Parliament

Parliament is the supreme legislative body in India, comprising the Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, and the President.
Functions of Parliament include law-making, control over the executive, budget and finance, and representation.
Parliament makes laws for the country, keeps the government accountable, approves the budget, and oversees financial matters.
Parliament represents the interests of citizens.

Understanding Local Government

Local government is a system of governance at the local level, responsible for providing basic amenities and services.
There are two types of local governments: rural and urban.
Rural local governments include panchayats (Gram Panchayat, Block Panchayat, Zilla Panchayat).
Urban local governments include municipalities (Nagar Panchayat, Municipal Council, Municipal Corporation).
Functions of local governments include providing basic amenities and maintaining law and order.

Description

Explore the concept of marginalisation, including social exclusion, economic marginalisation, and political marginalisation. Learn how certain groups or individuals are denied access to resources, opportunities, and respect.