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Questions and Answers
What is the main difference between primary groups and secondary groups?
What is the main difference between primary groups and secondary groups?
Which term refers to the stressed caused by the demands of a single role?
Which term refers to the stressed caused by the demands of a single role?
What term is used to describe the organized action intended to change people's behavior through the enforcement of norms?
What term is used to describe the organized action intended to change people's behavior through the enforcement of norms?
Which category of norms focuses on socially correct and proper everyday life behavior?
Which category of norms focuses on socially correct and proper everyday life behavior?
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What term describes violations of the standard of conduct, expectations, or social norms?
What term describes violations of the standard of conduct, expectations, or social norms?
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Which response to deviance involves seeking radical change by replacing both elements of society?
Which response to deviance involves seeking radical change by replacing both elements of society?
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Socialization is a temporary experience that only occurs during childhood.
Socialization is a temporary experience that only occurs during childhood.
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Ritualism is a form of deviance that involves seeking radical change.
Ritualism is a form of deviance that involves seeking radical change.
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In group refers to a group where an individual does not feel a sense of belonging.
In group refers to a group where an individual does not feel a sense of belonging.
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Conformity is the socially accepted convention or standards that individuals are expected to follow.
Conformity is the socially accepted convention or standards that individuals are expected to follow.
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Retreatism is a form of deviance characterized by accepting both traditional and cultural elements.
Retreatism is a form of deviance characterized by accepting both traditional and cultural elements.
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Horticulture and pastoral are types of post-industrial societies.
Horticulture and pastoral are types of post-industrial societies.
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Human dignity is a sense of self-respect inherent to all human beings.
Human dignity is a sense of self-respect inherent to all human beings.
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Rebellion as a response to deviance involves replacing both elements of society seeking radical change.
Rebellion as a response to deviance involves replacing both elements of society seeking radical change.
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Social control can be enforced through gossip, law, social ostracism, reward, and punishment.
Social control can be enforced through gossip, law, social ostracism, reward, and punishment.
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Primary groups are large, specialized, and impersonal in nature.
Primary groups are large, specialized, and impersonal in nature.
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Study Notes
Sociology: The Study of Society
- Sociology is the study of society, focusing on social relationships, interactions, and culture.
- A society is a group of people sharing a culture.
Types of Societies
- Hunting and gathering societies
- Horticulture and pastoral societies
- Industrial societies
- Post-industrial societies
Groups within Society
- Primary group: small, intimate, less specialized group with interactions over a period of time.
- Secondary group: large, less intimate, more specialized group with impersonal and objective-oriented relationships for a limited time.
- In-group: one's belonging, sense of identity.
- Out-group: one's not belonging, sense of competitiveness or hostility.
Socialization and Identity
- Socialization: a lifelong experience that shapes human potential and teaches society's expectations.
- Identity formation: socially constructed through interactions with others.
Norms
- Rules that guide behavior, categorized into:
- Folkways: socially correct and proper everyday life (right vs rude).
- Mores: ethical and moral conduct (right vs wrong).
- Taboos: prohibitions and restrictions based on moral judgment and religious beliefs (right vs forbidden).
- Laws: formal sanctions, legalized collection (right vs illegal).
Statuses and Roles
- Status: a social position held by a person.
- Role: behavior expected from someone who holds a particular status.
- Ascribed vs achieved status: social position assigned or earned.
- Role strain: stress caused by demands of a single role.
- Role conflict: demands by multiple roles.
Deviance and Conformity
- Deviance: violating standard conduct, expectations, or social norms.
- Forms of deviance:
- Ritualism: common practice, habitual response (rejecting goals, accepting means).
- Retreatism: attitude of being resigned to abandonment (rejecting both goals and means).
- Innovation: accepting culture, rejecting traditional means (accepting goals, rejecting means).
- Rebellion: replacing both elements of society (replacing both goals and means).
- Conformity: socially accepted convention or standard (accepting both goals and means).
Social Control
- Organized action intended to change people's behavior, enforcing norms.
- Forms of social control:
- Gossip
- Law
- Social ostracism
- Reward and punishment
Human Dignity and Bill of Rights
- Human dignity: sense of self-respect, inherent right to all human beings.
- Bill of rights: natural rights, excluding non-citizens by definition.
- Common good: benefiting society as a whole, or a section of society.
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Description
Explore the fundamentals of sociology, including social relationships, interactions, and different types of societies like hunting and gathering, horticulture, industrial, and post-industrial societies. Learn about primary groups, which are small and intimate, as well as secondary groups, which are large and specialized.
