125 Questions
According to Ann Oakley, how did she define sex in sociology?
As the biological division into male and female
How did Ann Oakley differentiate gender from sex?
Gender is the socially unequal division into femininity and masculinity
What does the term 'gender' encompass beyond individual identity and personality?
Cultural ideals and stereotypes of masculinity and femininity
How does the text describe the societal presentation of people based on male or female definitions?
People present as male or female from conception
Despite societal definitions, what does the text suggest about biology regarding male and female distinctions?
There are more than two distinct configurations of sexual organs
What has the #MeToo movement been criticized for?
Excluding the voices of BIPOC women
Why can a sexually conservative culture undermine movement participation?
Because it prohibits any discussion about sexual topics
In a patriarchal culture like Bangladesh, why might survivors find it difficult to share their experiences online?
They are blamed for the assault
How does the sexually conservative culture in Bangladesh view discussions about harassment?
As immodest and taboo
What are some biological determinants of sex mentioned in the text?
Chromosome configuration and external sexual organs
What is the relationship between biological sex and gender?
Gender identity is separate from biological sex
Which term describes the general assumptions about masculinity in contemporary North American societies?
Toxic masculinity
How does hegemonic masculinity impact individuals according to the text?
May lead to suppressing emotions
What is gender identity defined as based on the text?
Personal experience of one's gender
What is the significance of the term 'two-spirited' among some Indigenous people?
'Two-spirited' describes those with unique gender identities
How are hegomonic masculinity and femininity described in the text?
'Real men' are characterized by dominance and aggression in the context of hegemonic masculinity
What does the term 'genderqueer' refer to based on the text?
'Genderqueer' denotes individuals identifying as both male and female simultaneously
What is the association between hegemonic masculinity and harmful behaviors?
'Real men' are pressured to suppress their emotions
What term is used to describe individuals whose assigned sex and gender identity align?
Cisgender
Which type of procedures are mentioned in the text as involved in transitioning for transgender individuals?
Surgical intervention
What percentage of transgender individuals who were victims of physical or sexual assault considered suicide?
56%
What is the primary reason stated in the text for adding gender identity to the Canadian Human Rights Act?
To protect transgender individuals from harassment
What is one of the key rights provided by Bill C-279 to transgender Canadians?
Right to access public facilities based on gender identity
In what context do conflict theorists suggest that women provide the cheapest family labor?
In the context of capitalist exploitation
Which theory suggests that women are both victims of class and gender oppression within a capitalist society?
Marxist approach
What primary change is initiated by Bill C-279 for transgender individuals in Canada?
"Legal protection"
What type of change does socialism aim to bring for working-class individuals according to the text?
Economic equality
According to Butler, what does performativity in gender refer to?
Repeating oppressive gender norms
What is the significance of the doctor exclaiming 'It's a girl!' when handing a newborn baby to its mother?
Constituting the baby as a girl through language
How are gender norms linked to heterosexuality according to Butler?
Being a woman necessitates functioning within heterosexual norms
What is the core idea behind queer theory as discussed in the text?
Challenging assumptions about normalcy in gender and sexuality
How have advances in science and technology affected discussions on gender?
Made diverse gender identities more visible and legitimate
Why do queer theorists challenge what is considered 'normal' about binaries in gender and sexuality?
To open up possibilities for different identities and lifestyles
In what way does Butler argue that individuals are 'constituted as gendered subjects'?
In and through language
How do gender norms manifest in same-sex relationships according to the text?
'Masculine' partners perform stereotypical male roles
What does being 'gendered and sexed' not represent according to Butler?
A conscious decision by individuals
What does gender trouble refer to?
Challenges to traditional gender norms
Why is it considered inappropriate for individuals outside certain cultures to self-identify using specific terminology?
To maintain cultural exclusivity
What is the primary influence on the construction of gender?
Patriarchy and societal structures
How does Patricia Hill Collins highlight the difference in housework expectations between Black and white women?
By pointing out historical differences in assigned tasks
What does Judith Butler argue about the nature of gender?
It is a social construction influenced by patriarchy
What consequences can individuals face for deviating from stereotypical gender roles?
Shame, social stigma, assault, or abuse
How does the text define sexual orientation?
'Preferred romantic or sexual partners'
According to functionalist theorists, why is social gendering considered universal and inevitable?
Both A and B
What is one of the main concerns of symbolic interactionists regarding gender inequality?
How the sexual double standard benefits men more than women.
Why is the notion of intersectionality important in modern feminist theory?
It recognizes that individuals have multiple interlocking identities.
Which theoretical perspective acknowledges that different societies conceive masculinity and femininity in varying ways?
Symbolic interactionists.
What is one of the underlying assumptions of functionalist theory regarding gender roles?
The survival of society is dependent on maintaining traditional gender roles.
What unique perspective does symbolic interactionism bring to understanding gender inequalities?
Investigating the role of social interactions in shaping gender inequalities.
How does feminist theory differ from the functionalist approach in analyzing gender issues?
Emphasizes social construction of gender differences over biological determinants.
Why do symbolic interactionists study the social construction of femininity and masculinity?
To understand how these concepts vary across different societies.
According to feminist standpoint theory, why are women uniquely positioned to study and critique society?
Because they have a perspective from outside the conventional societal constructions dominated by men.
How does intersectionality impact the feminist movement?
It helps highlight how different women experience oppression based on various social markers.
What is the main idea behind standpoint theory as mentioned in the text?
People view society differently based on their social location and position in society.
How does Gloria Steinem criticize academic language in the text?
She argues that academic language obscures feminist thought.
What role do social markers like class, ethnicity, and age play in understanding women's positions in society?
They create diverse relationships to systems of oppression and structures of power among women.
How does standpoint theory suggest privileged groups view society?
They view society differently than subordinated groups due to their social location.
What was the intention behind the #MeToo movement according to Tarana Burke as mentioned in the text?
To listen to and acknowledge the experiences of vulnerable groups, particularly Black girls and women.
What criticism does Hill (2017) make about the #MeToo movement?
The movement didn't address the vulnerability experienced by Black girls and women.
Why is it crucial for all sociologists to be aware of their social location and gendered socialization?
It prevents them from understanding the limitations influencing their work.
According to conflict theory, why does gender inequality arise?
As a result of the struggle for economic, political, and social power
How does structural functionalism explain the division of labor between men and women?
It ensures efficiency within a society
What does symbolic interactionism focus on regarding gender identities?
The role of socialization and labeling in shaping identities
How are gender roles typically distributed within households according to the text?
Stereotypically divided between exclusively male and female tasks
What is the role of socialization in shaping gender identities according to symbolic interactionism?
Socialization primarily determines one's gender identity
What is a primary reason why the gender gap in STEM education has gained significant attention recently?
Economic prosperity of nations
Why are efforts being made to involve girls in STEM fields at younger ages according to the text?
To provide more career options for girls
Which occupation is mentioned as the most common among young women with a university degree?
Elementary/kindergarten teacher
What does the underrepresentation of women in natural and applied sciences occupations contrast with, according to Statistics Canada data?
Overrepresentation in literature-related fields
What percentage of university graduates held a STEM degree based on the 2011 data from the Canadian National Household Survey?
39%
What is shown by the breakdown of women and men in STEM fields based on the 2011 data from the Canadian National Household Survey?
Underrepresentation of women in science and engineering
What did Hango (2013) find regarding women's likelihood to pursue STEM degrees based on their mathematical ability?
Women are always less likely to choose a STEM program despite their mathematical ability
Based on the text, what is a key aspect of the pay gap in Canada among recent graduates one year after university?
There is a 6–14 per cent wage gap between men and women
Which group of women earns approximately 12 per cent less than their white female peers in Canada?
Racialized women
What ethnicity of women has been positioned at the bottom of the pay hierarchy in Canada, as per the text?
Indigenous women
Who faces decreased wages after transitioning, with one group experiencing a wage decrease while the other experiencing a slight increase?
Transgender women face decreased wages, and transgender men face increased wages
Why do many people stay in abusive relationships, as discussed in the text?
Due to feelings of guilt and shame mixed with a hope that the situation will improve.
What technique do survivors often use to rationalize the actions of their abuser, according to Ferraro and Johnson (1983)?
Techniques of neutralization.
Why do many women survivors choose to stay with their abusers instead of leaving, as per Roberts (2007b) and Sabina & Tindale (2008)?
Fear of the violence that might occur if they attempt to leave.
What risk do abused women face when trying to end an abusive relationship, as highlighted by Browne (1987) and Sabina & Tindale (2008)?
Potential murder by their partner.
What factor contributes to survivors doubting their judgment and decision-making abilities in abusive relationships?
Psychological abuse leading to self-doubt and self-control issues.
What is a significant factor contributing to the gender pay gap mentioned in the text?
Availability of affordable child care
Why might women in a particular occupation have less experience and seniority than men in the same occupation?
Maternity leave
What led to a significant increase in the number of fathers taking paternity leave in Quebec according to the text?
Government policy changes
What did Pedulla and Thébaud find to be a limitation in creating gender egalitarian relationships at home?
Gendered workplace norms and policies
Why do many female gamers choose to disguise their true identities or genders according to the text?
For fear of misogynistic bullying
Which factor is suggested to contribute to continued gender inequality at home and work according to recent scholarship?
Societal and institutional norms and policies
What is one long-term effect of emotional abuse and controlling behavior in an abusive relationship?
Depression
What effect does a perception of few men taking paternity leave when their partners have children have on male behavior according to the text?
Increases likelihood of men taking paternity leave
What percentage of women are estimated to have experienced Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) according to the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey?
37%
What is a common tactic used by abusers to make victims question their own reality and sanity in an abusive relationship?
Gaslighting
Why might it be harder for men to admit or report experiencing Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) according to the text?
Due to societal expectations associated with masculinity
What is the primary form of victimization studied in relation to abusive relationships according to the text?
Intimate Partner Violence (IPV)
What factor contributes to a survivor of Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) being emotionally, physically, or sexually assaulted by their intimate partner?
Repeated assault
How often does a woman experience abuse by someone she knows in the United States according to the text?
'Every nine seconds'
What impact did the Industrial Revolution have on Indigenous cultural norms?
It led to the adoption of patriarchal structures to interact with the Canadian government.
How did the organization of family life change during the twentieth century in Canada?
There was a rise in dual-income families and women's labor market participation.
What trend regarding domestic labor is highlighted in the text?
Women rely increasingly on outside help to make up for the gap in household work hours.
Why do heterosexual female partners often feel overburdened according to the text?
Because they have less free time due to carrying out most of the housework and caretaking responsibilities.
How have same-sex couples' domestic arrangements been reported compared to heterosexual couples?
Same-sex couples report greater satisfaction with their labor domestic arrangements.
What impact does motherhood have on women's work participation according to the text?
Mothers who carry heavy domestic responsibilities find it hard to compete effectively with men at work.
What is one of the reasons women might find it challenging to have a serious career and fulfilling partnership according to the text?
Because they are more likely to interrupt their careers for maternity leave.
Why might employers view women as less valuable employees according to the text?
Because women are expected to carry heavy domestic responsibilities at home.
What does the concept of 'women's second shift' refer to based on the text?
The unpaid housework and caretaking responsibilities women typically bear after paid work.
What does the text suggest about mothers employed full-time in Canada?
They are more likely than fathers to interrupt their careers for childcare responsibilities.
According to the 2014 General Social Survey, what percentage of women who had been sexually assaulted did not report the assault to the police?
88%
What percentage of sexual assaults in Canada from 2010 to 2014 were cleared as 'unfounded'?
19%
In areas with higher-than-average numbers of female officers, what was the rate of 'unfounded' cases of sexual assault?
15%
What consequence of sexual violence is mentioned in the text that may lead to fear of leaving the house or reluctance to interact with strangers?
Feelings of guilt
How many percent of the more serious sexual assault cases (levels 2 and 3) are reported to the police?
22%
Why do many women drift into sexual activities they would prefer to avoid according to the text?
If they are sufficiently threatened, shamed, or guilt-tripped into doing so
How do rape myths influence survivors, communities, and law enforcement officers' understanding of sexual violence?
By creating inaccurate beliefs about what 'real' or 'legitimate' sexual violence looks like
Why do many sexual assaults go unreported according to the text?
Survivors consider the incident not important enough or deal with it in other ways
Why do mothers in abusive relationships often prioritize the physical needs of their children over their own safety?
They fear for their children's safety if they were to leave.
Why are Indigenous women in Canada at an increased risk of violence according to the text?
Due to their intersectional inequalities and experiences.
What was the conclusion of the national inquiry regarding violence against Indigenous Peoples in Canada?
It is a coordinated attack on a specific social group.
What key term was used by the final report to describe the violence against Indigenous Peoples in Canada?
Genocide
What did the National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls recommend with its 231 calls for justice?
Directed at governments, institutions, social service providers, industries, and Canadians.
How is the normalization of violence against Indigenous people described in the report?
Many Indigenous people grow up normalized to violence against them without society addressing it.
Why do some people stay in abusive relationships according to the text?
They fear judgment and disbelief if they seek help.
What factor makes it challenging for women, especially those with low education, to leave abusive relationships?
Financial dependence on their partner.
How does the education level of chronically abused women differ from those who leave shortly after the violence begins?
Women who leave early have more education.
Why might having children make it difficult for women to leave abusive relationships?
Women prioritize their children's safety over their own.
What is a common characteristic of women who suffer from long-term violence in relationships?
They often have young children.
How does a shortage of resources impact the ability of individuals to leave abusive relationships?
It makes leaving more challenging due to lack of support.
Test your knowledge on how gendered disadvantages and privileges can vary based on factors like time, place, race, class, age, sexual orientation, and disability. Explore how sociologists study the intersection of social locations to understand discrimination experiences.
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