Sociology and Consumer Behavior
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Questions and Answers

What is the role of culture in a society?

  • It has no significant role in shaping societal beliefs and values.
  • It is the foundation of any society and person within that society. (correct)
  • It is irrelevant to setting standards or forming goals in a society.
  • It only influences traditional cultural beliefs, not daily life.

    • How have science and technology influenced culture according to the text?

  • By eliminating cultural diversity and promoting uniform beliefs.
  • By completely replacing traditional cultural beliefs with scientific evidence.
  • By creating new social, moral, environmental, and ethical problems. (correct)
  • By reinforcing traditional cultural beliefs without any challenges.

    • What is the significance of nonrational elements in social life as mentioned in the text?

  • They are completely explainable by science and technology.
  • They persist alongside rational thought and aren't explainable by science and technology. (correct)
  • They are irrelevant to religious beliefs and ethnic loyalties.
  • They play a negligible role in shaping social practices.

    • How does the text describe culture's relationship with society?

    <p>Culture is the way a society forms goals, sets standards, and gives meaning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason some cultural aspects defy science and technology?

    <p>They are based on belief and faith</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a consequence of failing to embrace cultural relativism?

    <p>Increased ethnocentrism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way that culture reflects in society's behavior?

    <p>By setting norms that regulate behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is culture learned and performed according to the text?

    <p>Via socialization and everyday actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might it be challenging to see the strangeness of our own society, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Emotional attachment to our own culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of unwritten norms mentioned in the text?

    <p>They are enforced through social pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does ethnocentrism influence individuals' perception of other cultures?

    <p>It results in using one's own culture as a basis for judgment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the relationship between science, technology, and culture?

    <p>They each develop their own unique cultures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of internet use in Canada compared to the global average?

    <p>High percentage of population with internet access</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential outcome of comparing one's cultural values with those of others?

    <p>Gaining a more open-minded perspective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to cultural relativism, what is the key aspect when comparing different cultures?

    <p>Respecting and understanding cultural practices within their societal context</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did anthropologist George Murdock identify as a universal cultural feature?

    <p>Language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of ideologies, what do Marxists argue about the dominant class in society?

    <p>They perpetuate the ruling class through dominant beliefs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do conflict theorists view the role of ideology in shaping culture?

    <p>Ideology is the primary factor in shaping culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of consumer ideology as described in the text?

    <p>Reducing social life to marketable goods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Marx's theory propose that different economic orders influence culture?

    <p>Each economic order leads to a distinctive culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does class consciousness play in challenging dominant ideologies?

    <p>It promotes alternative ideologies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Noam Chomsky describe the actions of people in power regarding ideology?

    <p>&quot;Manufacturing consent&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "Every society may have dancing in its culture, but people dance differently in different cultures." What does this statement imply about cultural practices?

    <p>'Cultural practices vary even if they share similarities'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to symbolic interactionism, how does language shape our view of proper behavior in others?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fundamental assumption of symbolic interactionism regarding language?

    <p>Language is symbolic, representing real objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do Indigenous Peoples make strenuous efforts to preserve their languages according to the text?

    <p>To aid in cultural survival</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do functionalists and conflict theorists differ from symbolic interactionists regarding culture?

    <p>They believe culture controls and regulates people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does symbolic interactionism believe about how people influence culture?

    <p>People invent culture constantly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does symbolic interactionism view words?

    <p>As symbols that classify objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who owns most of the mass media under capitalism?

    <p>The bourgeoisie</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Critical race theory, as discussed in the text, views culture as a tool to perpetuate the dominance of which group?

    <p>White people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does white privilege refer to, as explained in the text?

    <p>Unearned benefits and immunities enjoyed by Caucasian people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the invisible benefits that people seen as white enjoy in society, according to researcher Peggy McIntosh?

    <p>Unearned assets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way do feminist theorists see cultural values contributing to societal issues?

    <p>Perpetuating misogyny</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept are Indigenous cultures within Canada known to share regarding nonbinary gender identities?

    <p>'Two-Spirit' identities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Louis Althusser's concept of interpellation refers to:

    <p>Forcing individuals to conform to societal norms from a young age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Queer theory' mainly focuses on questioning and challenging the ways society categorizes which aspects of human identity?

    <p>Sexuality and gender identities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary aim of queer theorists like Namaste (1994, 2000) according to the text?

    <p>Questioning societal categorizations related to sexuality and gender identities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do existing social structures function in relation to racism according to Delgado and Stefancic?

    <p>In racist ways despite not being hate-filled</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Thorstein Veblen critique in his work?

    <p>Conspicuous consumption of the upper-class bourgeoisie</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the upper and lower social classes, according to Thorstein Veblen?

    <p>Conspicuous consumption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Veblen describe the leisurely rich in society?

    <p>Living a life of ease and leisure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of wasteful consumption according to Thorstein Veblen?

    <p>Reaffirming social status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Pierre Bourdieu's view, how do people learn to fit in with high-class groups?

    <p>Through exposure to opera from childhood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Pierre Bourdieu connect the inheritance of upper-class status to?

    <p>Learning of upper-class cultural patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to symbolic interactionists, how do individuals build their conversations?

    <p>By using a dictionary of words and symbols</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way Thorstein Veblen described the upper-class bourgeoisie lifestyle in his work?

    <p>Daily holiday-like living</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to queer theory, what is the central assertion about sex and gender categories?

    <p>They are changeable and not essential.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of gender scripts according to the text?

    <p>To reinforce traditional gender norms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are intersex children typically socialized in terms of gender by their parents?

    <p>They are usually assigned as either a boy or girl.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do traditional gender scripts direct boys to do?

    <p>Dress in careless ways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do girls typically learn about makeup application, according to the text?

    <p>By watching YouTube tutorials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common ritual associated with applying makeup for many women?

    <p>Applying makeup systematically at the same point in their day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do cosmetics companies like Mary Kay appeal to teenage girls' desire to experiment with makeup?

    <p>By hosting makeup parties encouraging group experimentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text suggest about the economic aspect of teenage girls buying makeup products?

    <p>Teenage girls often spend hundreds of dollars annually on makeup products.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do cosmetic companies enhance the shopping experience for customers trying out products in-store?

    <p>By providing special lighting and makeup artists for assistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf suggest language influences our thoughts?

    <p>Language structures thoughts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason given in the text for retranslating classic works over time?

    <p>Capturing cultural nuances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way do feminist sociologists view androcentric or sexist expressions in language?

    <p>As a perpetuation of gender inequality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do structural functionalists focus on regarding language?

    <p>Role of language in expressing group cohesion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do symbolic interactionists view the creation of new words in language?

    <p>As a method to redefine reality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do many sociologists criticize the conventional use of the term 'subculture' in studying youth?

    <p>'Subculture' lacks intimacy and fluidity in its definition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do some sociologists argue against the notion of subculture?

    <p>It diminishes the importance of small cultural groups in society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing feature of subcultures according to the text?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do countercultures do in relation to the culture of the larger society?

    <p>Reject conventional norms and values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do subcultures typically differ from countercultures?

    <p>Promote mainstream culture's values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes high culture, as discussed in the text?

    <p>Including fine art and champagne</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do sociologists distinguish a subculture from a counterculture?

    <p>By assessing their aim to defy existing societal order</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of culture does material culture primarily encompass?

    <p>Visible and tangible elements like tools and houses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do members of a counterculture relate to conformity?

    <p>Reject only a few values of the majority culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "Anarchists follow their own norms." How does this statement relate to countercultures?

    <p>&quot;Anarchists adopt opposing norms&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of language in culture, according to symbolic interactionism?

    <p>Language is created and revised by individuals interacting with each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does critical race theory perceive racism in culture, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Racism is inherent in culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does conflict theory view the relationship between culture and inequalities?

    <p>Culture perpetuates inequalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to feminist perspectives, how do men and women typically learn their roles in society?

    <p>Men and women learn different and unequal roles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does functionalism believe about the stability of culture?

    <p>Culture is largely stable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason why some people engage with high culture?

    <p>To announce social status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Pierre Bourdieu, how is taste viewed in society?

    <p>As socially constructed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of foodies as described in the text?

    <p>Highly educated and wealthy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does consumer culture differ from high culture?

    <p>By appealing to mass audiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does Whole Foods Market play in foodie culture?

    <p>Promoting organic and sustainable foods at higher prices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do lower-income individuals potentially face limitations in accessing foodie culture according to the text?

    <p>Higher pricing of sustainable food products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing feature of popular culture according to the text?

    <p>Reflects commercial success and mass appeal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes popular culture from high culture based on the text?

    <p>Popular culture is supported by the majority of the population, while high culture appeals to elite tastes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Pierre Bourdieu define cultural capital in the text?

    <p>A body of knowledge and social skills that help people achieve financial success.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way did the rise of the middle classes influence the fine arts in the nineteenth century?

    <p>By driving a cycle of invention and imitation in cultural practices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key roles played by mass media in relation to popular culture?

    <p>Developing and promoting commercial aspects of popular culture for profit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does popular culture engage with its members to become personalized based on the text?

    <p>By spreading and reinterpreting viral trends to make it their own.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the relationship between popular culture and material culture?

    <p>'Material culture encompasses products and practices widely enjoyed across large sections of the population.'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Mass media and popular culture have developed together.' What does this statement imply?

    <p>'Both mass media and popular culture evolve in tandem with each other.'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Culture reflects and supports inequality in society.' How is this idea explained in the text?

    <p>'Cultural practices can be used to establish societal hierarchies.'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes cultural capital from social capital?

    <p>Cultural capital involves abilities like playing sports while social capital involves communication skills.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does historian E.D. Hirsch differentiate between cultural literacy and cultural capital?

    <p>Cultural literacy is knowledge of mainstream culture while cultural capital is knowledge of high culture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does E.D. Hirsch suggest about the importance of detailed knowledge in real-world problem-solving?

    <p>Detailed knowledge is more important than problem-solving skills in real-world situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does cultural literacy entail in Canadian society according to the text?

    <p>Having general knowledge about popular or mainstream culture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the text suggest that people gain unequal shares of cultural capital?

    <p>Both B and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be inferred about the relationship between cultural capital and economic outcomes?

    <p>Having more cultural capital leads to better job prospects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the text suggest that social and cultural capital are related?

    <p>There is often an overlap between high levels of social and cultural capital.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Max Weber's study on religious beliefs and economic change reveal?

    <p>Religious thought can influence economic transformation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Weber's theory, how did religious beliefs under Calvinism differ from those under Catholicism regarding profit-making?

    <p>Calvinists associated prospering with God's approval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Calvinism's views on profit-making differ from those of Catholics in medieval Europe?

    <p>Catholics viewed loans and investments as immoral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept did sociologist Max Weber study in 'The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism'?

    <p>The linkage between religious beliefs and economic behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant aspect of Calvinism that contributed to economic ambition according to Max Weber?

    <p>'Elect' individuals striving for prosperity as a way to signify God's favor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism' suggested that the rise of capitalism was influenced by:

    <p>'Profit-sharing' principles within religious doctrines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of prospering and profit-making for Calvinists according to Max Weber?

    <p>Signs from God indicating their destined fate to heaven or hell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the acronym CUDO stand for in relation to guiding values of modern science?

    <p>Communism, Universalism, Disinterestedness, Organized skepticism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what century did the institutionalization of science as a social practice begin according to the text?

    <p>Seventeenth century</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Indigenous science and knowledge systems represent in comparison to other forms of science?

    <p>They are culturally different from other forms of science</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'D' in the CUDO acronym for guiding values of modern science refer to?

    <p>Disinterestedness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Max Weber, what other social phenomena does Robert Merton compare the rise of science to?

    <p>The rise of Protestantism and capitalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the original purpose of eugenics when applied to livestock?

    <p>To increase the chance of desirable heritable characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Canadian province legalized the compulsory sterilization of 'unfit' individuals in 1928?

    <p>Alberta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the example of Alberta legalizing compulsory sterilization demonstrate about the relationship between science and morality?

    <p>Science can be used for both good and bad social purposes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why was eugenics applied to humans according to the text?

    <p>To improve humanity by altering genetic features</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Darwinists incorrectly believe about human evolution as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Human evolution would result in the survival of a superior 'race'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Everett Roger's innovation adoption curve depict?

    <p>The typical diffusion process in society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key factor influences technology acceptance according to the text?

    <p>Prior experience with technology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a common interpretation of Darwin's theory of natural selection regarding economic competition?

    <p>It justified ruthless economic competition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Herbert Spencer view as a means to achieve social progress?

    <p>Maximizing innovation and meritorious effort through free-market competition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do social thinkers like Herbert Spencer view free-market competition according to the text?

    <p>As a natural selection process beneficial for society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of science-for-profit does the text highlight as a deviation from the CUDO ideal?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the sociology of scientific knowledge (SSK) primarily focus on?

    <p>The social construction of scientific research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What belief does symbolic interactionism emphasize about science and its objectivity?

    <p>Scientific work is culturally relative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the diffusion of innovation example regarding hybrid corn adoption, what did latecomers to adopting the new seeds do?

    <p>Waited until most farmers were using the seeds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the rate of new seed adoption change as more farmers tried out the hybrid corn seeds in Iowa?

    <p>Grew rapidly with more farmers adopting the seeds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept does the example of hybrid corn adoption illustrate in terms of information flow?

    <p>Rapid diffusion of scientific innovations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do businesses and governments undermine scientific findings according to the text?

    <p>Both A and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How have businesses sometimes used scientists according to the text?

    <p>To discredit certain scientific conclusions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do sociologists believe science plays as a subculture according to symbolic interactionism?

    <p>It is a social construction arising through human interaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

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