Sociology 101: Socialization and Identity
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Questions and Answers

Referring to the dramaturgical analysis and using (not all, of course!) the conceptual framework of Erving Goffman, describe the performance of the individuals in the situation of a market place.

In a market place, individuals engage in a performance to present themselves in a favorable light to potential customers or buyers. They might use various techniques such as displaying their products attractively, using persuasive language, and engaging in friendly interactions to create a positive impression. This performance aims to gain trust, attract attention, and ultimately lead to successful transactions.

Explain why naturalistic explanations of human behaviour (“women are emotional”, “men are rational”, “black people are...”, etc.,) can be dangerous.

Naturalistic explanations of human behaviour can be dangerous because they reduce complex human experiences to simplistic stereotypes. These generalizations often perpetuate harmful prejudices and reinforce existing inequalities. For example, attributing emotional sensitivity solely to women can lead to their being dismissed or marginalized in decision-making processes.

The company's founder, Anthony Lolli, believes the 36 employees who got the tattoo were demonstrating admirable commitment to their work.

True (A)

The Real Deal, a New York-based industry publication, states that the company's practice of giving brokers the 'chance to run their own businesses,' as franchises, made the tattoos catch on.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do you think? Would you tattoo yourself with your company's logo for a raise?

<p>This is a personal opinion question, and there is no single right or wrong answer. Individuals may consider factors such as their personal values, commitment to their company, and their financial needs when making such a decision.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the following statement of Karl Marx: “People are born into history that is not of their making; but men also make history.” How can we incorporate his theory about the “alienation” into this making of history in capitalist societies?

<p>Karl Marx argued that individuals are born into a pre-existing social and economic system that shapes their opportunities and experiences. They are subject to the historical conditions and power structures inherited from the past. However, Marx also emphasized that individuals have the capacity to make history by challenging the existing systems and actively shaping their own destinies. The concept of “alienation” plays a crucial role in this context, signifying the estrangement of individuals from their labor, products, and their own human potential. In capitalist societies, workers are alienated from their labor because they are not free to control their work or its outcomes. They are also alienated from the products of their labor as these products are owned by the capitalists. This alienation limits individuals' ability to fully express themselves and contribute to society in a meaningful way, leading to a sense of powerlessness and frustration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Socialization

The process of social interaction that shapes individuals' behaviors, beliefs, and values, often through interactions with families, schools, peers, and media.

Dramaturgical Analysis

The idea that our social interactions involve presenting ourselves in a way that creates a desired impression. We act like actors on a stage.

Social Norms

A set of rules and expectations that guide social behavior in everyday situations.

Role-Taking

The ability to see situations from multiple perspectives, understand the motivations and thoughts of others, and take on different social roles.

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Ethnocentrism

The tendency to see our own culture as the norm and to judge other cultures by our own standards.

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Cultural Relativism

The process of understanding and appreciating different cultures without judgment.

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Social Class

A system of social stratification based on power, wealth, and prestige.

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Racialization

The process of assigning individuals and groups to categories based on physical characteristics. This can lead to prejudice and discrimination.

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Racism

The belief that one race is superior to another.

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Gender Stratification

A system of social stratification based on gender roles, expectations, and unequal access to power and resources.

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Sexism

Discrimination and prejudice based on gender.

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Violence Against Women

Violence that specifically targets women, often motivated by patriarchal beliefs about gender roles and control.

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Honor Killing

A type of violence targeting women based on the belief that they must maintain family honor, often resulting in death.

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Scapegoat Theory of Prejudice

The theory that when a group is frustrated or seeks to explain negative events, they may blame the group for the problems.

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Thomas Theorem

The idea that if people define situations as real, then they are real in their consequences.

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Social Construction of Reality

The influence of our social environment on our thoughts, feelings, and actions.

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Ideology

A form of social control through which people are led to think and act in ways that are perceived as beneficial to those in power.

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Charismatic Authority

A form of authority based on charisma, personal appeal, and emotional connection.

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Traditional Authority

A form of authority based on tradition, long-standing customs, and established practices.

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Legal-Rational Authority

A form of authority based on law, rules, and procedures.

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Culture

A complex system of signs, symbols, and practices that create meaning and shape our understanding of the world.

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National Identity

The sense of belonging and identification that is associated with national identity, often linked to shared history, language, and culture.

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Globalization

A process of social change that involves the increasing interconnectedness of different parts of the world through trade, communication, and technology.

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Propaganda

The process of creating and spreading ideas that are intended to influence public opinion, often used by governments and other organizations.

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Authoritarianism

A form of government that is characterized by a strong central authority, limited individual liberties, and suppression of dissent.

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Totalitarianism

A form of government that is characterized by total control of the state over all aspects of society, including the economy, culture, and individual lives.

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Dehumanization

A form of political and social control that undermines human dignity and treats people as objects or tools.

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Doublethink

The ability of the mind to hold two contradictory beliefs or ideas at the same time.

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Social Stratification

A system of social stratification based on wealth, power, and prestige.

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Social Control

The process of influencing, shaping, and often controlling individuals' perceptions of reality and their understanding of social issues.

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Ideal Female Beauty

A cultural and social phenomenon that promotes and reinforces certain beauty standards, often leading to pressure and unrealistic expectations.

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Objectification

The act of treating a person as an object or a thing, primarily focusing on their physical appearance.

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Propaganda

The process of creating and spreading ideas that are intended to influence public opinion, often used by governments and other organizations.

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Authoritarianism

A form of government that is characterized by a strong central authority, limited individual liberties, and suppression of dissent.

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Totalitarianism

A form of government that is characterized by total control of the state over all aspects of society, including the economy, culture, and individual lives.

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Dehumanization

A form of political and social control that undermines human dignity and treats people as objects or tools.

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Doublethink

The ability of the mind to hold two contradictory beliefs or ideas at the same time.

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Social Stratification

A system of social stratification based on wealth, power, and prestige.

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Social Control

The process of influencing, shaping, and often controlling individuals' perceptions of reality and their understanding of social issues.

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Ideal Female Beauty

A cultural and social phenomenon that promotes and reinforces certain beauty standards, often leading to pressure and unrealistic expectations.

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Objectification

The act of treating a person as an object or a thing, primarily focusing on their physical appearance.

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Study Notes

Sample Questions

  • I-1: Describe the performance of individuals in a marketplace using Goffman's dramaturgical analysis. Focus on the actions and interactions in the context.
  • II-2: Explain the dangers of naturalistic explanations of human behavior (e.g., "women are emotional," "men are rational").
  • II-3: Define and explain the socialisation process, including the "scientific" and "objective" aspects, and then its "subjective" dimension.
  • II-4: Analyze violence in everyday life, using Sigmund Freud and George Herbert Mead's theories of socialization.
  • II-6: Examine the phenomenon of rape, considering debates around racism and sexism.
  • III-7: Write an essay on the "working-class individual's body," analyzing the "social body" and "commodification of bodies," and use Text 1 as a reference point.

Text 1: Nearly 40 Employees Tattoo Their Bodies to Get a Raise

  • Context: In today's job market, job security is uncertain.
  • Employee Action: 40 employees of a New York-based real estate brokerage firm, Rapid Reality, have collectively tattooed the company logo onto their bodies to receive a 15% raise.
  • Reasoning: The employees feel that permanent commitment proves their unwavering dedication to the company.
  • Company Founder's Stance: The founder of Rapid Reality believes that 36 employees getting the tattoos symbolizes exceptional job commitment. These employees gain respect from other agents within the organization, as demonstrated in social media campaigns.
  • Industry Context: Real estate brokers in New York City earn an average of $112,000 per year (2012 data).
  • Employee Testimony: Broker Adam Altman expressed that getting the tattoo ensured a permanent commitment to the company and job.

Further Questions and Discussion Points (pages 2-5)

  • III-8: Discuss multiple-leveled identity formation (class, ethnicity, etc.) using Text 2 (Sweden immigrant riots).
  • Text 2 (Sweden immigrant riots): Discuss issues of violence in immigrant suburbs of Stockholm relating to underlying causes, police shootings, police brutality, and integration issues; highlight Sweden's immigrant policies, economic inequality, and social tension.
  • II-2 (Taste Classifies): Explain Bourdieu's "taste classifies, and it classifies the classifier" formula in relation to technological devices (mobiles, phones, etc.). Assess how these devices shape and reflect social standing.
  • II-3 (Weber & Disenchantment): Explain the relationship between the Protestant ethic and capitalism, and explain the process of societal "disenchantment" according to Max Weber.
  • II-4 (Marx & Alienation): Explain Karl Marx's theory of alienation in capitalist societies.
  • II-5 (Disability & Racism): Examine the ways that disabled people are marginalized in society due to fears surrounding threats to routine order. Analyze this through the lens of identity and racism.
  • III-6 (Race/Racialisation): Explain why the concept of "racialisation" is more useful than race for understanding racism and hatred.
  • II-4 (Turkey-Minority Relations): Analyze the issues surrounding Turkey's relationship with its minorities (Armenian Orthodox Christians, Jews, Arameans, etc).

Further Questions & Discussion Points (pages 6-10)

  • I-1 (Goffman & Everyday Rules): Explain the role of everyday norms and rules using Goffman’s theories, especially the significance of daily social conventions.
  • I-4 (Social Classes & Nation-State): Discuss the relationship between social classes and the modern nation-state, taking into account national identity.
  • II-6 (Racial & Ethnic Inequality): Explain why racial and ethnic groups are treated differently, leading to social inequality.
  • II-7 (Social Divison): Discuss why racial, social, and ethical divisions persist and have a stronghold on society.
  • III-8 (Culture and Racialization): Choose one perspective (A or B) from the text, relating to identity, culture, and racialisation to discuss the issues from a sociological perspective.
  • III-5(Stratification): Using a provided case study and real-life story, analyze and assess the different types of stratification present in society.
  • Additional Notes: Examine how a Ugandan refugee’s life and death exemplifies issues of discrimination and violence against women in Turkey or in Western societies.

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Description

This quiz explores crucial topics in sociology, including the concepts of performance in marketplaces, the dangers of naturalistic explanations, and the socialization process. Students will analyze theories by Goffman, Freud, and Mead, as well as discuss contemporary issues like violence and commodification related to identity. Prepare to engage with critical sociological perspectives and real-world applications.

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