Social Science Concepts Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the main difference between ascribed roles and achieved roles?

Ascribed roles are assigned with little or no choice, while achieved roles are chosen and accomplished with some effort. (correct)

Ascribed roles are based on group-based identity, while achieved roles are based on role identity.

Ascribed roles are based on personality view of behaviour, while achieved roles are based on situation view of behaviour.

Ascribed roles are chosen and accomplished with some effort, while achieved roles are assigned with little or no choice.

Why do social norms and roles exist in society?

They help to ensure that everyone has equal opportunities and privileges.

They help to bring order to society by regulating behaviour and ensuring that jobs get done. (correct)

They create a sense of chaos and unpredictability, challenging individuals to adapt.

They are a way to express individual creativity and uniqueness.

Which of these factors has contributed to a shift in traditional gender roles?

A decline in educational opportunities for women.

Limited access to contraceptives.

The rise of single-income families.

Educational opportunities for women and dual-earner families. (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a key factor that contributes to a shift in traditional gender roles?

The rise of social media and its influence on gender identity. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind the concept of social inequality?

Some people have more access to the privileges, rewards, and assets of society than others. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a condition for social inequality?

Universal suffrage and equal political representation for all citizens. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which concept best describes the belief that an individual's behaviour is consistent in different situations?

Personality view of behaviour (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these options is NOT a benefit of social norms and roles?

They guarantee equal access to opportunities and privileges for all members of society. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What are ascribed roles primarily based on?

Assigned roles with little or no choice (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which concept refers to the belief that an individual's behavior is consistent across different situations?

Personality view of behavior (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the discriminatory beliefs about individuals with disabilities?

Ableism (C) Signup and view all the answers

Gender roles are primarily learned from which of the following?

Family and accepted societal norms (D) Signup and view all the answers

What do social norms encompass within a group?

Shared values, beliefs, and behaviors (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of identity is shaped by membership in a social group with shared values and beliefs?

Group-based identity (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does social inequality refer to?

Disparities in access to privileges and resources in society (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes achieved roles?

Roles involving significant personal effort and choice (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does Structural-Functionalism emphasize as essential for society to function?

Material needs and social regulation (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to the Conflict School, what is the primary driver of societal power dynamics?

Economic power (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which school of thought argues that humans have complex brains and limited instinctive behaviors?

Symbolic Interactionism (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key belief of Feminist Theory in relation to societal roles?

Women have been traditionally disadvantaged by men (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of Psychoanalysis within psychological schools of thought?

Unconscious motivations and childhood experiences (A) Signup and view all the answers

Behavioural Psychology primarily investigates which aspect of human experience?

Observable behaviors (A) Signup and view all the answers

Cognitive Psychology studies which of the following areas?

Mental processes such as perception and memory (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the focus of Humanistic Psychology?

Personal growth and self-actualization (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the Process of Inquiry?

Identify a problem or question (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the process where voluntary behaviors are modified by rewards or punishments?

Operant conditioning (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of the 'Focus' stage in the Process of Inquiry?

Violent behavior can be taught; aggression is a result of inadequate diffusion of frustration. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes ethnography?

The scientific description of the customs of individual peoples and cultures. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'Collect data' stage in the Process of Inquiry involve?

Gathering information through observation or other methods (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a hypothesis in the context of the Process of Inquiry?

A possible answer or educated guess to a research question (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which concept refers to a cultural group within a larger culture?

Subculture (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'culturally constructed' refer to?

Ideas and customs that are shaped by societal practices (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of social science?

The scientific study of human society and social relationships (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the study of human cultures and their development?

Anthropology (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of the 'unconscious mind' refer to?

Memories we are unable to recall (D) Signup and view all the answers

What principle does the 'id' operate on?

The pleasure principle (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes a 'conditioned stimulus'?

A stimulus that eventually triggers a conditioned response (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does 'free association' refer to in psychology?

A method where patients express thoughts freely in response to stimuli (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which term relates to the moral center of the mind in Freudian psychology?

Superego (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does Maslow's 'hierarchy of needs' illustrate?

The sequential fulfillment of basic to advanced human needs (A) Signup and view all the answers

What are the three functions that religious beliefs serve for society?

<ol> <li>Gives meaning and purpose to life, 2) Provides and maintains community, 3) Social control/morality (A)</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

According to anthropologists, what is the primary purpose of marriage across cultures?

To provide for the survival and socialization of children (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes an arranged marriage?

A marriage set up by someone other than the people getting married (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between race and ethnicity?

Race is a social construct based on physical characteristics, while ethnicity is a shared culture (A) Signup and view all the answers

In J.S. Phinney's Stage Model of ethnic identity development, what is the key characteristic of the 'Ethnic Identity Search' stage?

Individuals question their place in the dominant society, leading to a search for their ethnic identity (D) Signup and view all the answers

According to Acculturation Theory, which approach involves integrating both one's own culture and the dominant culture?

Integration (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the 'Marginalization' approach within Acculturation Theory?

Experiencing difficulty identifying with either one's own culture or the dominant culture (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor contributing to the increasing role of men in childcare in Canadian families?

The increasing number of women in the workforce and government support (B) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Social science is the scientific study of human society and social relationships.
Humanities study philosophy, religion, history, language arts, performing arts, and visual arts.
Anthropology is the study of human societies, cultures, and their development.
Psychology is the scientific study of the human mind and its functions in an individual.
Sociology studies groups, organizations, and societies, and how people react within these contexts.
Positivism is a scientific approach that emphasizes observable phenomena and empirical evidence.
Class conflict is conflict between different classes in a community. This conflict results from different social or economic positions.
Conscious mind refers to memories we can recall.
Unconscious mind refers to memories we cannot recall.
Free association is a state of complete relaxation (often induced by hypnosis) where a list of words is read out to the patient. The patient responds with the first word or thought that comes to mind.
Id is a part of our personality that operates using the pleasure principle.
Ego operates using the "reality principle".
Superego is the moral center of the mind.
Archetypes are understood as universal, symbolic patterns or images that occur across cultures and are reflected in myths, rituals, and art.
Individual psychology focuses on the individual's personal goals and values.
Analytical psychology takes account of the individual unconscious and its relationship to the collective unconscious.
Unconditioned stimulus leads to an immediate response.
Conditioned stimulus is a stimulus that eventually triggers a conditioned response.
Unconditioned response is an automatic response to a stimulus.
Conditioned response is a learned response to a stimulus.
Hierarchy of needs is a theory of psychology. Maslow's hierarchy is diagrammed as a pyramid with basic needs at the bottom and secondary needs higher up. A person needs to satisfy basic needs before they can address more secondary needs.
Classical conditioning is interested in the relationship between a stimulus and response.
Operant conditioning is a learning process where voluntary behaviours are modified by association with a reward or punishment.
Ethnography is the scientific description of the customs of individual peoples and cultures.
Culturally constructed means something created or shaped by a culture.
Reflexivity is an awareness of the self and how it shapes an individual's understanding of the world.
Subculture is a cultural group within a larger culture, often having beliefs or interests at variance with those of the larger culture.

Steps of Inquiry

Identify a problem or question.
Focus.
Develop a hypothesis.
Collect data.
Assemble/analyze data.
Stop and check.
Draw conclusions.
Reflection.

Research Methods

Experiment
Sample Survey
Interview
Case Study
Observational Techniques
Correlation Study
Historical Analysis
Content Analysis

Sociological Schools of Thought

Functionalism focuses on how society provides its members with the requirements to function as a system.
Conflict School/Neo-Marxism emphasizes economic power and how it creates social classes.
Symbolic Interactionism analyzes how individuals perceive and interpret social interactions.
Feminist Theory examines issues of sex and gender, highlighting their historical disadvantages.

Anthropological Schools of Thought

Cultural Relativism argues that cultures should be examined and understood in their own terms.
Functional theory argues that every belief, action, or relationship in a culture functions to meet the needs of individuals within it.
Cultural Materialism is the idea that the environment fundamentally shapes cultures.
Feminist anthropology ensures female voices are heard and included in research by comparing cultures to see how many have been dominated by men.
Postmodernism argues that there's no true knowledge about the world: our understanding is based on our culture.

Subfields of Anthropology

Cultural
Comparative
Biological
Linguistic

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Description

This quiz covers key terms and concepts in social sciences, including sociology, psychology, anthropology, and the humanities. Test your knowledge on significant theories like positivism and key ideas related to the mind and social conflict. Perfect for students of social science!