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Questions and Answers
A "Dyad" is a small group with only two members.
A "Dyad" is a small group with only two members.
True (A)
"Primary Socialization" refers to learning how to behave in different situations.
"Primary Socialization" refers to learning how to behave in different situations.
False (B)
Social influence refers to how interactions can change a person's views.
Social influence refers to how interactions can change a person's views.
True (A)
A "Manifest Function" of a social pattern is its intended purpose.
A "Manifest Function" of a social pattern is its intended purpose.
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An "Achieved Role" is one that is earned through effort and hard work.
An "Achieved Role" is one that is earned through effort and hard work.
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"Crowds" are groups of people gathered in the same place without a common goal.
"Crowds" are groups of people gathered in the same place without a common goal.
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The "Chameleon Effect" describes the act of mirroring someone else's body language during a conversation.
The "Chameleon Effect" describes the act of mirroring someone else's body language during a conversation.
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A "Total Institution" is a social setting that has complete control over its members' lives.
A "Total Institution" is a social setting that has complete control over its members' lives.
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"Social Inequality" is the difference in success of people in accessing privilege based on their social class.
"Social Inequality" is the difference in success of people in accessing privilege based on their social class.
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"Gender Roles" are a cultural pattern of expected behaviors based on masculinity and femininity, and are usually learned through families.
"Gender Roles" are a cultural pattern of expected behaviors based on masculinity and femininity, and are usually learned through families.
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Before 1960, divorce was easily obtained.
Before 1960, divorce was easily obtained.
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Arranged marriages prioritize family ties over economic factors.
Arranged marriages prioritize family ties over economic factors.
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In Canadian society, couples prioritize having children above their obligations to each other.
In Canadian society, couples prioritize having children above their obligations to each other.
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Race is a biological concept based on physical characteristics.
Race is a biological concept based on physical characteristics.
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Ethnicity refers to a person's language, traditions, and family origin.
Ethnicity refers to a person's language, traditions, and family origin.
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In the 'Unexplained Ethnic Identity' stage, individuals strongly identify with their cultural background.
In the 'Unexplained Ethnic Identity' stage, individuals strongly identify with their cultural background.
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Assimilation involves embracing elements of both one's own culture and the dominant culture.
Assimilation involves embracing elements of both one's own culture and the dominant culture.
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Marginalization occurs when someone strongly identifies with both their own culture and the dominant culture.
Marginalization occurs when someone strongly identifies with both their own culture and the dominant culture.
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The Out of Africa theory suggests that humans first evolved in Europe.
The Out of Africa theory suggests that humans first evolved in Europe.
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Asch's experiments demonstrated that people sometimes prioritize group conformity over their own perceptions of reality.
Asch's experiments demonstrated that people sometimes prioritize group conformity over their own perceptions of reality.
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In a bilinear kinship system, only the father's side of the family is recognized.
In a bilinear kinship system, only the father's side of the family is recognized.
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Rites of passage serve to mark significant changes in a person's life or status within a culture.
Rites of passage serve to mark significant changes in a person's life or status within a culture.
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Pressure to conform can result in positive decision-making and improved opportunities.
Pressure to conform can result in positive decision-making and improved opportunities.
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Patrilineal descent involves recognizing only the mother's side of the family.
Patrilineal descent involves recognizing only the mother's side of the family.
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Kinship refers to relationships between individuals bonded by blood, adoption, or marriage.
Kinship refers to relationships between individuals bonded by blood, adoption, or marriage.
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Lucy, an important fossil find, was known for her ability to walk on four legs.
Lucy, an important fossil find, was known for her ability to walk on four legs.
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Paleoanthropology focuses on the study of language structures and uses.
Paleoanthropology focuses on the study of language structures and uses.
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Sigmund Freud developed the concept of the inferiority complex.
Sigmund Freud developed the concept of the inferiority complex.
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Human variation studies help understand the physical differences and similarities in human populations.
Human variation studies help understand the physical differences and similarities in human populations.
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Emile Durkheim believed that society functions logically and protects the interests of its members.
Emile Durkheim believed that society functions logically and protects the interests of its members.
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Primatology is the study of skeletal remains to assist in forensic examinations.
Primatology is the study of skeletal remains to assist in forensic examinations.
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Karl Marx is known for his theory on class conflict and capitalism's potential replacement by communism.
Karl Marx is known for his theory on class conflict and capitalism's potential replacement by communism.
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B.F. Skinner's operant conditioning emphasizes the use of rewards and punishments to shape behavior.
B.F. Skinner's operant conditioning emphasizes the use of rewards and punishments to shape behavior.
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Auguste Comte is credited with coining the term sociology and using observation for societal study.
Auguste Comte is credited with coining the term sociology and using observation for societal study.
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Self concept refers to our understanding of who we are based solely on external validations.
Self concept refers to our understanding of who we are based solely on external validations.
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The Oedipus complex is related to a girl's unconscious sexual desire towards her father.
The Oedipus complex is related to a girl's unconscious sexual desire towards her father.
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Environmental factors play a significant role in shaping our personality as we grow.
Environmental factors play a significant role in shaping our personality as we grow.
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Gender roles are societal expectations that dictate how individuals should behave based on their gender.
Gender roles are societal expectations that dictate how individuals should behave based on their gender.
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Neurosis involves only physical symptoms and does not include mental or psychological aspects.
Neurosis involves only physical symptoms and does not include mental or psychological aspects.
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The gender intensification hypothesis suggests that gender differences increase during adolescence due to societal pressures.
The gender intensification hypothesis suggests that gender differences increase during adolescence due to societal pressures.
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Agoraphobia is characterized by an irrational fear of specific items, such as snakes or spiders.
Agoraphobia is characterized by an irrational fear of specific items, such as snakes or spiders.
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ADHD is characterized by an individual's ability to pay attention to details and complete tasks effectively.
ADHD is characterized by an individual's ability to pay attention to details and complete tasks effectively.
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Hallucinations are a loss of contact with reality.
Hallucinations are a loss of contact with reality.
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The oral stage of psychosexual development focuses on pleasure derived from bowel control.
The oral stage of psychosexual development focuses on pleasure derived from bowel control.
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The latency stage is characterized by active sexual drives and urges.
The latency stage is characterized by active sexual drives and urges.
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During the preoperational stage, children can reason logically and understand conservation.
During the preoperational stage, children can reason logically and understand conservation.
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The formal operational stage allows adolescents to think abstractly and hypothetically.
The formal operational stage allows adolescents to think abstractly and hypothetically.
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Ego integrity vs. despair occurs during late adulthood.
Ego integrity vs. despair occurs during late adulthood.
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Delusions are accurate beliefs that a person holds despite evidence to the contrary.
Delusions are accurate beliefs that a person holds despite evidence to the contrary.
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The anal stage involves a child learning to control their bladder and bowel movements.
The anal stage involves a child learning to control their bladder and bowel movements.
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Study Notes
Social Science Terms/Concepts
- Social science - the attempt to study people, their activities, behaviors, and customs
- Humanities - Study aspects of human society and culture
- Anthropology - the study of human lives and cultures (living and deceased)
- Psychology - the study of behavior and mental processes
- Sociology - the study of human social life, groups, and societies
- Positivism - the idea that scientific evidence is the most reliable source for understanding society
- Class conflict - struggles between different social classes
- Conscious mind - memories that can be recalled
- Unconscious mind - memories that cannot be recalled (a powerful tool for studying the human mind)
- Free association - a technique where patients speak whatever comes to mind in a relaxed state (often used with hypnosis)
- Id - pleasure principle, strives for immediate satisfaction (exists at birth)
- Ego - reality principle, judges right from wrong (emerges in early years)
- Superego - moral center of the mind, adhering to societal norms
- Archetypes - universal symbols or patterns present in the collective unconscious of all humans (concept by Carl Jung)
- Individual psychology - people are aware of their personal goals and values
- Analytical psychology - founded by Carl Jung, focuses on a personal and collective unconscious mind (unique to individual vs shared by all)
Research Methods
- Case studies - Observation of a group over time
- Experiments - Determining the relationship between factors
- Surveys - Gathering information on opinions of many people
- Interviews - Dialogue between interviewer and interviewee
- Unstructured observation - Studying without a hypothesis beforehand
- Structured observation - Planning beforehand what to look for
- Participant observation - Observing participants in a society over an extended time
- Correlation study - Examining the relationship between two or more variables
- Historical analysis - Examining historical evidence to understand the past
- Content analysis - Analyzing the presence, meanings, and relationships of words, themes, or concepts in texts
Sociological Schools of Thought
- Functionalism - How social structures work together for society
- Conflict theory - Study of power dynamics in relationships between groups
- Symbolic interactionism - Study of how individuals construct meaning within a society
- Feminist theory - Analyzing conflicts created by gender
Anthropological Schools of Thought
- Cultural relativism - Cultures cannot be compared due to different rules
- Functional theory - Every belief in a culture meets the needs of individuals
- Cultural materialism - Material conditions influence cultural development
- Feminist anthropology - Women's voices are brought to the forefront
- Postmodernism - No objective truth in the world
Social Influence
- Social Influence - effect individuals have on others' thoughts and feelings
- Direct Influence - when one person directly affects another's opinion
- Indirect Influence - making decisions based on future impact
- Primary Socialization - learning basic societal skills
- Secondary Socialization - learning how to behave in different social settings
- Anticipatory Socialization - thinking about how to behave in future situations
- Resocialization - changing negative behaviors into acceptable ones
- Feral children - children who have been deserted and raised by animals
- Isolated children – neglected children
- Agents of socialization – forces in a person's life that teach them about the world
Social Roles & Identity
- Social identity - how a person defines themselves to the world
- Social roles - expected patterns of behavior for a social situation
- Situation view - Behavior changes depending on the situation
- Personality view - Behavior shows consistency across situations
- Role identity - behavior to fulfill role expectations
- Group-based identity - Self-identity through social group membership
- Ascribed roles - roles assigned at birth
- Achieved roles - earned or acquired roles
- Social norms - unwritten set of rules for expected behavior in certain social groups
Social Institutions
- Social institution - shapes values, maintains order, and contributes to societal function
- Personal institution - institutions that affect individuals' lives
- Impersonal institutions - institutions that affect large groups of people (governments etc.)
- Total institutions - institutions controlling virtually every aspect of member's lives
Social Behavior
- Social behavior - Interactions among members of a group
- Internal stimuli - behavior guided by past observations
- External stimuli - behavior guided by observations of those around you
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Description
Test your knowledge of key terms and concepts in social sciences, including psychology, sociology, and anthropology. This quiz covers fundamental ideas such as the conscious and unconscious mind, class conflict, and the different aspects of human behavior and cultures.
