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Questions and Answers
A researcher aims to understand why a specific high school has a higher rate of teenage pregnancies compared to others in the district. What approach aligns with a sociological perspective?
A researcher aims to understand why a specific high school has a higher rate of teenage pregnancies compared to others in the district. What approach aligns with a sociological perspective?
- Studying the genetic predispositions of the teenagers involved to determine if there is a hereditary component to early pregnancy.
- Examining the school's sex education curriculum and its effectiveness in teaching safe sex practices.
- Analyzing the psychological profiles of pregnant teenagers to identify common personality traits.
- Investigating the community's access to healthcare and resources, as well as cultural norms surrounding teenage relationships and family planning. (correct)
How does sociological imagination explain seemingly personal issues like unemployment?
How does sociological imagination explain seemingly personal issues like unemployment?
- Unemployment is solely due to individual factors like lack of skills or poor work ethic.
- Unemployment results from a psychological aversion to work, diagnosable through clinical evaluations.
- Unemployment is best understood by examining national economic trends, industry shifts, and access to education and training. (correct)
- Unemployment rates are random and unpredictable.
Which of the following best illustrates how 'social forces' influence individual behavior, according to a sociological perspective?
Which of the following best illustrates how 'social forces' influence individual behavior, according to a sociological perspective?
- A person developing a unique artistic style independent of any external influence.
- An individual's unique psychological response to a traumatic event.
- A person’s decision to conform to fashion trends due to peer pressure and media influence. (correct)
- An individual choosing to pursue a career path based solely on their innate talents and passions.
How would a sociologist likely analyze the increasing popularity of tattoos in contemporary society?
How would a sociologist likely analyze the increasing popularity of tattoos in contemporary society?
A public health campaign aims to reduce obesity rates. Which strategy reflects sociological principles?
A public health campaign aims to reduce obesity rates. Which strategy reflects sociological principles?
Consider the issue of academic achievement disparities between different racial groups. How might a sociologist approach this issue?
Consider the issue of academic achievement disparities between different racial groups. How might a sociologist approach this issue?
How does the sociological imagination help us understand the experience of a recent college graduate struggling to find a job?
How does the sociological imagination help us understand the experience of a recent college graduate struggling to find a job?
What is the role of ideology in shaping society, according to a sociological perspective?
What is the role of ideology in shaping society, according to a sociological perspective?
Which of the following best exemplifies 'structured pressure' in a sociological context?
Which of the following best exemplifies 'structured pressure' in a sociological context?
How did the rise of capitalism contribute to the development of sociology?
How did the rise of capitalism contribute to the development of sociology?
How did the French and American Revolutions influence the development of sociology?
How did the French and American Revolutions influence the development of sociology?
Auguste Comte's concept of positivism is best described as the belief that:
Auguste Comte's concept of positivism is best described as the belief that:
How did Harriet Martineau broaden sociological thought?
How did Harriet Martineau broaden sociological thought?
According to Karl Marx, what is the driving force behind societal change?
According to Karl Marx, what is the driving force behind societal change?
How did Emile Durkheim view social integration?
How did Emile Durkheim view social integration?
Max Weber's work on the Protestant ethic connects religious beliefs to what societal phenomenon?
Max Weber's work on the Protestant ethic connects religious beliefs to what societal phenomenon?
What approach to social change did W.E.B. Du Bois advocate?
What approach to social change did W.E.B. Du Bois advocate?
What is the core belief of Social Darwinism?
What is the core belief of Social Darwinism?
Which level of societal interaction does symbolic interactionism primarily focus on?
Which level of societal interaction does symbolic interactionism primarily focus on?
How does symbolic interactionism explain societal change?
How does symbolic interactionism explain societal change?
Early sociology emerged in response to which major societal transformations?
Early sociology emerged in response to which major societal transformations?
Which concept refers to the ability to move up or down in the social hierarchy?
Which concept refers to the ability to move up or down in the social hierarchy?
Which of the following is an example of a social category?
Which of the following is an example of a social category?
Which research method is MOST suitable for gathering in-depth insights into people's experiences with a particular social phenomenon?
Which research method is MOST suitable for gathering in-depth insights into people's experiences with a particular social phenomenon?
A researcher aims to study the prevalence of cheating among college students. Which of the following approaches would be the MOST effective in ensuring the validity of their findings?
A researcher aims to study the prevalence of cheating among college students. Which of the following approaches would be the MOST effective in ensuring the validity of their findings?
What does it mean for research findings to be 'generalizable'?
What does it mean for research findings to be 'generalizable'?
A researcher wants to study the relationship between socioeconomic status and access to healthcare in a specific city. Which research design would be MOST appropriate for this study?
A researcher wants to study the relationship between socioeconomic status and access to healthcare in a specific city. Which research design would be MOST appropriate for this study?
Which of the following BEST illustrates the concept of 'linguistic relativity'?
Which of the following BEST illustrates the concept of 'linguistic relativity'?
How do 'mores' differ from 'folkways'?
How do 'mores' differ from 'folkways'?
A country prohibits the consumption of beef due to religious beliefs, while another country widely consumes beef as a staple food. This difference BEST exemplifies which concept?
A country prohibits the consumption of beef due to religious beliefs, while another country widely consumes beef as a staple food. This difference BEST exemplifies which concept?
Which of the following BEST exemplifies 'material culture'?
Which of the following BEST exemplifies 'material culture'?
Which of the following scenarios BEST demonstrates the concept of 'culture lag'?
Which of the following scenarios BEST demonstrates the concept of 'culture lag'?
A peace sign, national flag, and wedding ring are examples of:
A peace sign, national flag, and wedding ring are examples of:
A researcher is conducting a study on political ideologies. Which of the following BEST describes an 'ideology'?
A researcher is conducting a study on political ideologies. Which of the following BEST describes an 'ideology'?
What is the PRIMARY function of norms in a society?
What is the PRIMARY function of norms in a society?
A researcher studying a remote tribe avoids judging their rituals based on his own cultural norms and instead tries to understand the rituals' functions within their society. This approach aligns with which concept?
A researcher studying a remote tribe avoids judging their rituals based on his own cultural norms and instead tries to understand the rituals' functions within their society. This approach aligns with which concept?
A student traveling abroad criticizes the local customs, stating that their own country's ways are 'right' and 'normal'. This is an example of:
A student traveling abroad criticizes the local customs, stating that their own country's ways are 'right' and 'normal'. This is an example of:
A group of environmental activists who actively protest against deforestation and promote sustainable living can be best described as:
A group of environmental activists who actively protest against deforestation and promote sustainable living can be best described as:
Which of the following observations would suggest a high degree of cultural integration within a society?
Which of the following observations would suggest a high degree of cultural integration within a society?
Which of the following best exemplifies anticipatory socialization?
Which of the following best exemplifies anticipatory socialization?
Which agent of socialization is MOST responsible for transmitting values and beliefs in the earliest stages of a child’s life?
Which agent of socialization is MOST responsible for transmitting values and beliefs in the earliest stages of a child’s life?
Which data is better to use if you want really good quality of data?
Which data is better to use if you want really good quality of data?
A former soldier transitioning back to civilian life and learning new social norms and expectations is undergoing:
A former soldier transitioning back to civilian life and learning new social norms and expectations is undergoing:
According to the looking-glass self theory, our self-concept is primarily shaped by:
According to the looking-glass self theory, our self-concept is primarily shaped by:
A child pretending to be a doctor and using toys as medical instruments is in which stage of George Herbert Mead's theory of development?
A child pretending to be a doctor and using toys as medical instruments is in which stage of George Herbert Mead's theory of development?
Which of the following is an example of an ascribed status?
Which of the following is an example of an ascribed status?
Wearing a wedding ring is an example of:
Wearing a wedding ring is an example of:
A teacher who struggles to balance the demands of teaching with administrative duties is experiencing:
A teacher who struggles to balance the demands of teaching with administrative duties is experiencing:
A society where individuals rely on each other due to a complex division of labor exhibits:
A society where individuals rely on each other due to a complex division of labor exhibits:
In Erving Goffman's dramaturgical theory, the 'front stage' refers to:
In Erving Goffman's dramaturgical theory, the 'front stage' refers to:
A working parent is struggling to attend all of their child’s school events because of work commitments. This is an example of:
A working parent is struggling to attend all of their child’s school events because of work commitments. This is an example of:
Which of the following best illustrates a 'real norm'?
Which of the following best illustrates a 'real norm'?
A status attained through personal effort and choice is called:
A status attained through personal effort and choice is called:
Flashcards
Psychology
Psychology
The scientific study of the mind and behavior, focusing on internal processes such as motivations and personality.
Sociology
Sociology
The study of society, social behaviors, and the factors affecting individuals in groups.
Psychological analysis of drug abuse
Psychological analysis of drug abuse
Explores how individual factors like brain dependency and genetics influence drug addiction.
Sociological analysis of drug abuse
Sociological analysis of drug abuse
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Sociological imagination
Sociological imagination
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Social forces
Social forces
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Assumptions of sociological imagination
Assumptions of sociological imagination
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Ideology
Ideology
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Social Relationship
Social Relationship
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Social Categories
Social Categories
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Structured Pressure
Structured Pressure
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Industrialization
Industrialization
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Urbanization
Urbanization
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Capitalism
Capitalism
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Social Mobility
Social Mobility
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Auguste Comte
Auguste Comte
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Harriet Martineau
Harriet Martineau
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Karl Marx
Karl Marx
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Emile Durkheim
Emile Durkheim
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Max Weber
Max Weber
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W.E.B. Du Bois
W.E.B. Du Bois
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Social Darwinism
Social Darwinism
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Symbolic Interactionism
Symbolic Interactionism
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Cultural Relativity
Cultural Relativity
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Cultural Diversity
Cultural Diversity
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Subculture
Subculture
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Counter Culture
Counter Culture
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Socialization
Socialization
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Primary Socialization
Primary Socialization
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Anticipatory Socialization
Anticipatory Socialization
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Resocialization
Resocialization
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Looking Glass Self
Looking Glass Self
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Mechanical Solidarity
Mechanical Solidarity
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Organic Solidarity
Organic Solidarity
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Role Strain
Role Strain
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Role Conflict
Role Conflict
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Norms
Norms
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Achieved Status
Achieved Status
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Symbols
Symbols
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Macro perspective
Macro perspective
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Connotations of colors
Connotations of colors
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Research Methods
Research Methods
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Validity
Validity
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Reliability
Reliability
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Population vs. Sample
Population vs. Sample
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Quantitative data
Quantitative data
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Qualitative data
Qualitative data
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Material culture
Material culture
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Non-material culture
Non-material culture
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Folkways
Folkways
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Values
Values
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Ethnocentrism
Ethnocentrism
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Study Notes
Psychology vs. Sociology
- Psychology: Focuses on internal factors—mental processes, motivations, personality, individual experiences.
- Sociology: Focuses on external factors—social environment, community, social circles, societal influences.
Sociology: Core Concepts
- Sociology: Study of society, social behavior, and social forces.
- Social forces: Aspects of society that influence people.
- Sociological imagination/perspective: Ability to connect personal experiences to societal structures and history.
- Assumptions: Individuals are social beings, shaped by social environments, and actively create society.
- Propositions: Challenge assumptions, critically examine society, recognize societal influence.
- Social forces: Factors influencing behavior, like pressure from groups or organizations.
- Ideology: Set of beliefs shaping views and interactions.
- Social relationships: Bonds with family, friends, and colleagues.
- Social categories: Race, ethnicity, age, sex, gender, social class, education.
- Structured pressures: Pressures from organizations and institutions.
Historical Development of Sociology
- Mid-1800s: Marked by industrialization, urbanization, and capitalism, leading to significant social change.
- Industrialization: Shift from farming to factory work, impacting social organization.
- Urbanization: Movement from rural to urban areas, creating new job opportunities.
- Capitalism: Increased social mobility, challenging traditional social structures.
- Revolutions: French and American revolutions spurred social organization changes and the growth of public discourse.
- Scientific method: Key intellectual ideal influencing sociological inquiry.
Classical Sociologists
- Auguste Comte: Father of sociology, advocated for positivism (scientific method in understanding and reforming society).
- Harriet Martineau: Mother of sociology, a feminist theorist, interested in social reform and gender inequalities.
- Karl Marx: Focused on class conflict (bourgeoisie vs. proletariat) as the driving force of social change.
- Emile Durkheim: Emphasized social integration and the importance of social bonds.
- Max Weber: Argued religion (specifically the Protestant ethic) significantly shapes social development.
- W.E.B. Du Bois: Advocated for social change through education and protest, focusing on social inequities.
Theoretical Perspectives
- Symbolic Interactionism: Examines micro-level interactions (individual-to-individual) and macro-level development of world views through symbols.
- Micro: Focuses on small-scale interactions, using symbols to communicate and create meaning.
- Macro: Focuses on symbols for world views, like the meanings assigned to race or objects.
Research Methods
- Quantitative: Using numbers (surveys, experiments, secondary data analysis)
- Qualitative: Using words (interviews, participant observation)
- Validity: Accuracy of measurements.
- Reliability: Replicability of research.
- Sample: Representative subset of the population studied.
Culture
- Culture: Shared knowledge, patterns, and ways of life distinguishing a group.
- Material: Physical objects (e.g., tools, homes).
- Non-material: Abstract ideas (e.g., values, norms, symbols).
- Symbols: Representations of meaning (e.g., language, gestures).
- Ideologies: Shared beliefs about the world.
- Norms: Rules of behavior, varying in severity and importance.
- Values: Standards for judging behavior.
- Folkways: Informal rules with mild consequences.
- Mores: Important rules with significant consequences.
- Laws: Formalized norms enforceable by the legal system.
- Ideal vs. Real norms: Differences between what's ideally expected and what actually occurs.
Socialization
- Socialization: Process of learning societal norms and developing a self-identity.
- Importance: Enables survival, provides skills, shapes self-perception.
- Types: Primary (childhood), anticipatory (future roles), secondary (adulthood).
- Agents: Family, schools, media, peers.
- Resocialization: Learning new attitudes, values, and behaviors.
Social Structure
- Social structure: Ongoing patterns guiding behavior.
- Components: Culture, social class, social status, roles.
- Status: Position within society (ascribed vs. achieved).
- Role strain: Incompatible expectations within a single status.
- Role conflict: Conflicts between multiple roles.
Social Institutions
- Social institutions: Societal organizations fulfilling fundamental needs.
- Examples: Family, economy, religion, education, healthcare, politics.
Solidarity
- Mechanical solidarity: Based on shared experiences and similarities, common in pre-industrial societies.
- Organic solidarity: Based on interdependence and specialized roles, common in industrial societies.
Dramaturgy
- Dramaturgy: Social life as a performance.
- Front stage: Interactions and impressions displayed.
- Back stage: Private selves.
Summary of Key Differences
- Psychology focuses on individual internal factors.
- Sociology focuses on external societal factors affecting groups.
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Description
Explore the core concepts of psychology, focusing on internal mental processes and individual experiences. Contrast this with sociology, which examines external social environments and societal influences. Key sociological concepts include social forces, sociological imagination, ideology, and social relationships.
