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Questions and Answers
What is meant by normative social influence?
What factor does not play a role in an individual's tendency to conform?
Which type of obedience is deemed beneficial for society?
How does anonymity affect conformity in social situations?
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What is emotional contagion?
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What concept describes the influence experienced in social situations according to Social Impact Theory?
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Which of the following is a strategy to resist social influence?
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What type of social influence involves submission to requests from others?
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What is the primary goal of the reciprocal concessions technique?
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Which of the following best describes the negative state release hypothesis?
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What defines a group in social psychology?
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What is one of the key aspects of group influence?
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What occurs during groupthink?
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In what context was groupthink notably demonstrated?
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What is one effect of conformity in group settings?
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Which factor contributes to the likelihood of groupthink occurring?
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What led to the early termination of the study involving guards and prisoners?
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What is a primary drive related to survival?
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In which type of maze did the performance of cockroaches improve when another cockroach was present?
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What effect does social facilitation have on performance for complex tasks?
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How do secondary drives differ from primary drives?
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What behavior was observed in the guards that reflected their perceived power?
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What describes the impact of social inhibition on performance?
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What is the primary result of the increased arousal due to the presence of others?
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What is the primary focus of Self-Awareness Theory?
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What does the Spotlight Effect describe?
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What effect does focusing attention on the self typically have on behavior?
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In the Barry Manilow T-shirt study, participants overestimated the number of people who would remember the shirt. What percentage did they estimate versus the actual recall?
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What is an effect of heightened self-consciousness as described in the context?
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What is social loafing primarily characterized by?
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Which of the following is NOT a method to reduce social loafing?
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What outcome is associated with group polarization?
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Which factor contributes to group cohesiveness?
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Which of the following best describes the role of social facilitation?
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What is a consequence of social loafing in group settings?
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How can creating a cooperative task structure affect group performance?
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What is a benefit of groups as mentioned in the content?
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Study Notes
Social Influence
- Conformity is the act of aligning oneself with others' behaviors, attitudes, or beliefs.
- Obedience involves following directions or commands given by an authority figure.
- Normative social influence stems from the desire to gain approval from others.
- Compliance refers to yielding to a request.
- Informational social influence arises from seeking accurate information from others.
- Constructive obedience benefits society through actions following a directive.
- Destructive obedience involves harming others due to obeying a command.
Factors Influencing Conformity
- Group size: Larger groups tend to exert more pressure to conform.
- Group importance: The more important a group is to an individual, the greater the likelihood of conformity.
- Group liking: Individuals are more likely to conform to groups they like.
- Anonymity: Anonymous responses reduce conformity, as individuals feel less pressured to align with group opinions.
- Social and behavioral context: Social situations and surrounding behaviors impact conformity levels.
Social Impact Theory
- States that the amount of influence an individual experiences in a social situation depends on the strength, immediacy, and number of people exerting the influence.
- Explains the influence of social contexts on conformity behavior.
- Example: Voting anonymity allows individuals to express genuine opinions without conforming to pressures.
Resisting Social Influence
- Cultivate self-belief: Maintain confidence in personal values and beliefs to resist pressure.
- Seek social support: Connect with like-minded individuals for validation and encouragement.
- Question motives: Analyze the motivations behind attempts to influence you to assess their legitimacy.
- Use humor or persuasion: Deflect pressure to conform with cleverly used humor or persuasion tactics.
Emotional Contagion
- Spreading of emotions: Individuals display symptoms, leading others to believe they are also affected, even if there is no actual threat.
Reciprocal Concessions Technique
- Compliance strategy: Involves a large initial request that is likely to be refused, followed by a smaller request that appears as a concession, increasing the likelihood of compliance.
Negative State Release Hypothesis
- People engage in actions to relieve negative feelings and improve their self-image.
Group Dynamics
- Group definition: Three or more individuals interacting, sharing a common identity, and accepting expectations and obligations as members.
- Group influence: Individuals' behaviors and decisions are affected by group dynamics, including conformity, obedience, and persuasion.
- Groupthink: Occurs when a desire for group harmony overrides critical thinking, leading to faulty decision-making.
- Example: Stanford Prison Experiment: Demonstrated conformity to social roles and norms, leading to extreme behaviors.
- Drive Theory: Increased arousal motivates individuals to achieve a specific goal.
- Social facilitation: Enhanced performance for familiar tasks in the presence of others.
- Example: Zayence's Cockroach Study (1969): Performance improved in a simple maze with another cockroach present, but worsened in a complex one.
- Social inhibition: Decreased performance in the presence of others, especially for novel or difficult tasks.
- Social loafing: Reduced individual effort in group tasks where contributions are perceived as nonessential or unmonitored.
- Example: Moving a Couch: Individuals may exert less effort in a group due to the lack of individual assessment.
- Reducing social loafing: Create clear assignments, divide into subgroups, increase supervision, provide individual recognition, and make tasks cooperative.
- Group polarization: Discussions leading to more extreme positions than initially held due to persuasive arguments and social comparison.
- Group cohesiveness: Factors binding members together, promoting liking, and enhancing group performance and satisfaction.
Benefits of Groups
- Vital for survival and reproduction.
Individuation
- Enhanced sense of individual identity by focusing on the self, leading to deliberate actions aligned with values.
Self-Awareness Theory
- Focusing attention inward on oneself leads to self-evaluation and aligning behavior with internal standards.
Spotlight Effect
- People overestimate how much others pay attention to their appearance and behavior.
Example: Barry Manilow T-shirt Study
- Participants wearing a Barry Manilow T-shirt overestimated how many others would remember the image.
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts related to social influence, including conformity, obedience, and the factors that affect these behaviors. Explore how group size and importance can impact an individual's tendency to conform, as well as the differences between constructive and destructive obedience.