Social Development in Infants
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Questions and Answers

What stage of language acquisition is characterized by rapid word acquisition, typically occurring around 18 months?

  • Vocabulary Spurt (correct)
  • First Words
  • Grammar Mastery
  • Babbling

Which theory posits that children learn language primarily through reinforcement and imitation?

  • Social Interactionist Theory
  • Behaviorist Theory (correct)
  • Critical Period Hypothesis
  • Cognitive Theory

What is the main argument supporting Chomsky's Nativist Theory regarding language acquisition?

  • Language development follows a strict behavioral model.
  • Children can produce novel sentences.
  • Children learn language through social interaction.
  • There is an Innate Language Acquisition Device (LAD) with universal grammar. (correct)

What is indicated by research into feral or deprived children regarding language acquisition?

<p>There are critical periods for acquiring native language proficiency. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following strategies is NOT recommended for facilitating language development?

<p>Avoiding routines and structure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one critical skill predicted to influence success in relationships and behavior into adulthood?

<p>Empathy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age do infants begin to prefer faces over other visual stimuli?

<p>2 days (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism involves copying behavior without understanding the underlying goal?

<p>Mimicry (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which attachment theory emphasizes the importance of comfort and security in child development?

<p>Bowlby’s Ethological Theory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What behavior do infants engage in when they follow the gaze of an adult to share focus?

<p>Joint attention (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do infants show an ability to recognize shortly after birth?

<p>Their mother's voice (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the concepts of imitation and emulation?

<p>Imitation requires understanding the goal, while emulation does not. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What developmental aspect is associated with the '9-Month Revolution' in infants?

<p>Emergence of joint attention (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes Insecure Resistant attachment?

<p>Ambivalence towards caregiver’s return (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age can prosocial behavior, such as helping without reward, typically be seen in children?

<p>12-18 months (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which developmental milestone involves infants showing understanding of perception and goals?

<p>9-Month Revolution (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of gesture is characterized by wanting to share interest or attention?

<p>Declarative Gestures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes disorganized attachment?

<p>Dazed and apprehensive responses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do 18-month-olds understand about others' desires?

<p>Others' desires may differ from their own (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When do infants typically begin to engage in nonverbal communication through intentional means like eye contact?

<p>9-10 months (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of communication do chimpanzees typically lack that is common in human interaction?

<p>Declarative gestures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Social Cognition

Understanding of social interactions and skills that predict success in relationships, education, and adult behavior. Includes empathy, perspective-taking, and cooperation.

Infant Abilities

Babies are born with abilities to recognize faces, voices, and social cues very early in their development. This helps them bond with caregivers.

9-Month Revolution

Infants develop shared intentionality (acting together), imitation, and social skills around 9 months of age, including joint attention, social referencing, and early cooperation.

Attachment

Emotional bond between a child and caregiver that forms during early development, providing a secure base for exploration and learning.

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Social Referencing

Using others' emotional cues (like facial expressions) to understand situations and guide your own behavior.

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Joint Attention

Following someone's gaze or gestures to share focus. It's a key social skill for understanding that other people have their own thoughts.

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Imitation

Copying actions and goals, enabling children to learn from others.

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Attachment Theories

Different perspectives on how attachment develops. Theories include Freud’s drive reduction, Bowlby's ethological theory, and Harlow's monkey studies.

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Vervet Monkey Alarm Calls

These calls communicate specific threats, like a leopard or snake, demonstrating a basic form of language with meaning.

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Holophrase

A single word used by a child to express a complete thought or idea.

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Insecure Avoidant Attachment

A child with this attachment style shows minimal distress or interest when their caregiver leaves and returns. They may avoid contact with the caregiver.

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Insecure Resistant Attachment

A child with this attachment style shows mixed emotions when their caregiver leaves and returns. They may be distressed but also resist comfort from the caregiver.

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Disorganized Attachment

A child with this attachment style shows confused and contradictory behaviors when their caregiver leaves and returns. They may appear dazed, apprehensive, or fearful.

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Prosocial Behavior in Toddlers

Helping others without expecting a reward, like sharing toys or offering information. This behavior starts around 12-18 months.

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Theory of Mind

The ability to understand that other people have their own thoughts, feelings, and beliefs, even if they differ from your own.

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False Belief Task

A test used to measure Theory of Mind. It involves a scenario where someone has a wrong belief about something. Children who pass understand that others can have different beliefs than their own.

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Declarative Gestures

Gesturing to share attention, like pointing at something interesting or looking at something together. They're different from demanding gestures.

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Study Notes

Social Development in Infants

  • Social Cognition's Importance: Predicts future success in relationships, education, and behavior. Empathy, perspective-taking, and cooperation are key skills.
  • Infant Abilities: Humans are born needing social bonds for survival.
  • Facilitating Bonds: Babies have "baby features" (large heads, round cheeks) that trigger caregiver responses. Infants recognize their mother's voice within 2-3 days of birth. Prenatal learning includes recognizing sounds/stories.
  • Social Sensitivity: Infants show preference for faces over other stimuli by 2 days old. They recognize their mother's face after just 5.5 hours of exposure. Infants prefer direct gazes and happy expressions. Infants as young as 42 minutes old can mimic facial expressions, promoting social bonding.

9-Month Revolution

  • Shared Intentionality and Imitation: Infants demonstrate intentionality and imitation beginning around 9-14 months.
  • Social Skills: Joint attention (following gaze), social referencing (understanding others' emotions), and early cooperation (shared goals) are key.

Attachment and Prosocial Behavior

  • Attachment Theories: Freud's drive-reduction theory proposes attachment stems from satisfying biological needs. Bowlby's ethological theory suggests attachment provides a secure base for exploration. Harlow's studies support this, demonstrating monkeys' preference for comfort over food.
  • Attachment Patterns: Ainsworth's strange situation test describes attachment patterns: secure, insecure avoidant, and insecure resistant.
  • Prosocial Behavior: This emerges early (12-18 months). Children show altruism (helping others without reward) and providing information. Chimpanzees also display similar behaviors, though these sometimes differ.

Theory of Mind

  • Definition: Attributing mental states (e.g., thoughts, feelings, beliefs) to oneself and others. This improves prediction of others' behaviors.
  • Key Milestones: 9-month revolution shows understanding of perception, attention, and goals. Newborns display emotional contagion; infants are known to comfort distressed others from 14 to 18 months old. 18-month-olds understand others' desires may differ from their own.
  • False Beliefs: Infants develop the ability to understand that others' beliefs can differ from reality.

Nonverbal Communication

  • Intentional Communication: Begins around 9-10 months, demonstrated through eye contact and gaze alternation.
  • Gesture Types: Dyadic (unclear intention), triadic (sharing focus), imperative (requesting), declarative (sharing interest), iconic (mimicking).
  • Animal Communication: Chimpanzees display complex gestural communication but lack declarative gestures as seen in humans. Vervet monkeys' alarm calls showcase primitive "word-like" communication.

Language Acquisition

  • Development Stages: Pre-linguistic vocalizations (coos, gurgles); babbling; first words; vocabulary spurt; grammar mastery.
  • Theories: Behaviorist (learning through imitation and reinforcement); nativist (innate language acquisition device); interactionist (social interaction and scaffolding).
  • Critical Periods: Early childhood is crucial for language acquisition.
  • Facilitating Factors: Child-directed speech ("motherese"), routines, and scaffolding enhance learning.

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Description

Explore the critical aspects of social development in infants. This quiz covers the importance of social cognition, infant abilities to recognize caregivers, and the emergence of social skills like intentionality and imitation. Test your knowledge on how infants build social bonds and their preference for social stimuli.

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