Social Development Part 1 PDF

Social Devo part 1 Lecture 11: The Earliest Social Abilities (PS1001 Lecture 11 - The…) Key Themes: Importance of Social Cognition: Predicts success in relationships, education, and behavior into adulthood. Empathy, perspective-taking, and cooperation are cr...

Social Devo part 1 Lecture 11: The Earliest Social Abilities (PS1001 Lecture 11 - The…) Key Themes: Importance of Social Cognition: Predicts success in relationships, education, and behavior into adulthood. Empathy, perspective-taking, and cooperation are critical skills. Infant Abilities: Facilitating Bonds: Humans are born physically helpless, relying on social bonds for survival. Babies possess "babyness" features (large heads, round cheeks) that evoke caregiving behaviors (Lorenz, 1943). Social Sensitivity: Infants recognize their mother's voice within 2-3 days of birth (Decasper & Fifer, 1980). Prenatal learning includes recognition of sounds and stories (Decasper & Spence, 1986). Face Perception: Prefer faces over other stimuli by 2 days old (Fantz, 1960). Recognize their mother's face after 5.5 hours of exposure (Bushnell, 2001). Prefer direct gaze and happy expressions. Neonatal Imitation: Infants as young as 42 minutes mimic facial expressions, aiding in social bonding (MeltzoY & Moore, 1977). Lecture 12: Revolutions in Infant Development (PS1001 Lecture 12 - Rev…) Key Themes: '9-Month Revolution': Infants begin showing shared intentionality and imitation (Tomasello, 1995). Social skills emerging between 9-14 months include: Joint attention: Following gaze and gestures to share focus. Social referencing: Using others’ emotional cues to guide behavior. Early cooperation: Engaging in tasks with shared goals (Warneken et al., 2006). Social Learning Mechanisms: Imitation: Copying both action and goal. Emulation: Achieving the same goal through a diYerent means. Mimicry: Copying without understanding the goal. Lecture 13: Attachment and Prosocial Behavior (PN1001 Lecture 13 - Att…) Key Themes: Attachment Theories: Freud’s Drive-Reduction Theory: Attachment arises from satisfying biological drives. Bowlby’s Ethological Theory: Attachment provides a secure base for exploration and learning. Harlow’s Studies: Baby monkeys preferred cloth mothers for comfort over wire mothers providing food, supporting Bowlby’s theory. Patterns of Attachment (Ainsworth's Strange Situation Test): Secure: Balanced exploration and seeking comfort. Insecure Avoidant: Minimal distress or interest in caregiver. Insecure Resistant: Ambivalence towards caregiver’s return.  Disorganized: Dazed and apprehensive responses. Prosocial Behavior: Seen as early as 12-18 months (Warneken & Tomasello, 2006). Includes helping others without reward and providing information (Liszkowski et al., 2006). Chimpanzees also display altruism but diYer in cooperative behaviors. Long-Term Impacts: Disrupted attachment leads to social and emotional impairments. Secure attachment is crucial for balanced exploration and relational development. Lecture 14: Theory of Mind Definition: Attribution of mental states (perceptions, intentions, desires, emotions, thoughts, knowledge, beliefs) to oneself and others (Premack & WoodruY, 1978). Enables explanation and prediction of behavior based on inferred unobservable mental states. Key Milestones: 9-Month Revolution (Tomasello, 1995): Infants show understanding of perception, attention, and goals. Empathy & Emotions: Newborns display emotional contagion. By 14-18 months, infants show concern and attempt to comfort distressed others. Desires: 18-month-olds understand others' desires may diYer from their own (Repacholi & Gopnik, 1997). False Beliefs: Explicit tests (e.g., Sally-Anne) passed by 4+-year-olds. Implicit tests (anticipatory looking) passed as early as 15 months (Onishi & Baillargeon, 2005). Animal Studies: Chimpanzees show limited but significant understanding of perception, knowledge, and implicit false beliefs (Krupenye et al., 2016). Lecture 15: Nonverbal Communication Intentional Communication: Begins at 9-10 months (sometimes as early as 6 months for communicative looks). Indicators include eye contact and alternation of gaze. Types of Gestures: Dyadic (Non-referential): Early gestures with unclear intentionality. Triadic (Referential): Pointing and gaze alternation used to share focus. Imperative Gestures: Requesting objects (e.g., reaching). Declarative Gestures: Sharing interest or attention. Iconic Gestures: Increase around 2-3 years (e.g., mimicking actions). Animal Communication: Chimpanzees use complex gestural communication but lack declarative gestures typical of humans. Vervet Monkeys' Alarm Calls: Referential calls for specific predators (e.g., leopards, snakes) demonstrate primitive "word-like" meaning (Cheney & Seyfarth, 1980s). Lecture 16: Language Acquisition Development Stages: Pre-linguistic Vocalizations: Coos, gurgles (early months). Babbling: Around 6 months; no meaning yet. First Words: Around 1 year; often holophrases. Vocabulary Spurt: Around 18 months; rapid word acquisition. Grammar Mastery: By 5 years, children understand adult-like grammar. Theories of Language Acquisition: Behaviorist Theory (Skinner): Learning through reinforcement and imitation. Criticism: Children often produce novel sentences not heard before. Nativist Theory (Chomsky): Innate Language Acquisition Device (LAD) with universal grammar. Supported by poverty of stimulus argument. Social Interactionist Theory (Bruner, Tomasello): Language learned through social interaction and scaYolding. Critical Periods: Early childhood crucial for acquiring native language proficiency. Evidence from feral/deprived children and delayed sign language learners. Facilitating Language Development: Use of child-directed speech ("motherese"). Routines, scaYolding, and following the child's focus enhance learning.