Understanding Infant Social and Emotional Development

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Questions and Answers

What do gross motor skills primarily involve?

  • Large muscle movements (correct)
  • Small muscle movements
  • Sensory processing
  • Fine manipulation of objects

The pincer grasp is typically not seen until later stages of infancy.

False (B)

What is the term for the emotional bond that develops between an infant and their caregiver?

Attachment

Piaget introduced the concept of __________, which is the understanding that objects still exist even when they cannot be seen.

<p>object permanence</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of attachment with their descriptions:

<p>Secure Attachment = Comfortable exploring with caregiver present Avoidant Attachment = Minimizes interaction with caregiver Ambivalent (Resistant) Attachment = Inconsistent behavior towards caregiver Disorganized Attachment = Lacks a clear attachment strategy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of prenatal development is characterized by cell differentiation and organogenesis?

<p>Embryonic stage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cognitive development in childhood follows a random sequence with no specific stages.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main stages of prenatal development?

<p>Germinal stage, Embryonic stage, Fetal stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

The onset of _______ signifies the beginning of reproductive capabilities during adolescence.

<p>puberty</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the developmental stage with its age range:

<p>Infancy = Birth to 2 years Childhood = Ages 3-12 Adolescence = Ages 13-19 Adulthood = Ages 20 and above</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main stages of adulthood according to developmental psychology?

<p>Early, Middle, Late (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a method used by developmental psychologists to study changes across the lifespan?

<p>Behavioral therapy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cognitive abilities consistently improve throughout late adulthood.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Attachment theory focuses solely on the physical development of infants.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one factor that has a significant effect on the aging process.

<p>Genetic predispositions or lifestyle factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cognitive skill is particularly advanced during adolescence?

<p>Abstract reasoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vygotsky's theory highlights the importance of __________ in cognitive development.

<p>social interaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the major theories in developmental psychology with their focus:

<p>Piaget's theory = Cognitive development stages Vygotsky's theory = Social interaction's role Erikson's theory = Psychosocial development stages Attachment theory = Early relationships affecting development</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which research method involves tracking individuals over an extended period?

<p>Longitudinal studies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Observational studies rely on systematic observations in controlled environments.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of information processing theory in developmental psychology?

<p>How individuals encode, store, and retrieve information</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Gross Motor Skills

Large muscle movements

Fine Motor Skills

Small muscle movements, often in hands and fingers.

Grasp Reflex

Newborn reflex where they close their hand.

Pincer Grasp

Using thumb and index finger to grab.

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Attachment

Emotional bond between infant and caregiver.

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Object Permanence

Understanding objects exist even hidden.

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Trial and Error

Learning by testing different actions.

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Assimilation(Piaget)

Fitting new information into existing schemas.

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Accommodation(Piaget)

Adapting schemas to incorporate new information.

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Social Constructivism(Vygotsky)

Cognitive development is socially influenced.

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Prenatal Development

The period from conception to birth, crucial for physical growth, divided into three trimesters with distinct stages.

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Germinal Stage

First two weeks of prenatal development, focusing on zygote creation, division, and implantation.

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Embryonic Stage

Prenatal development (weeks 3-8) marked by organ formation and rapid growth.

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Fetal Stage

Prenatal development (weeks 9 to birth), with continued growth and refinement of organs.

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Infant Development

Rapid physical, cognitive, and social development from birth to two years. Motor skills develop progressively.

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Attachment Theory

The study of the emotional bond between infants and caregivers, leading to various attachment styles.

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Childhood Cognitive Development

Children (ages 3-12) develop their understanding of morality and social conventions through experiences.

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Adolescence Identity

Exploring roles, values, and forming an identity (ages 13-19), with physical transformations from puberty.

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Adolescent Cognitive Changes

Improved reasoning, critical thinking, and problem-solving skills develop during adolescence.

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Adulthood Stages

Adulthood is divided into early, middle, and late stages, each with distinct physical, cognitive, and social changes.

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Adulthood Physical Changes

Physical changes in adulthood often include declines in strength, senses, and reproductive capacity.

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Cognitive Changes in Adulthood

Cognitive abilities like memory and processing speed may decline with age. However, staying engaged can help maintain sharpness.

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Piaget's Theory

Piaget's theory describes distinct stages of cognitive development in children.

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Vygotsky's Theory

Vygotsky's theory emphasizes the role of social interaction in cognitive development.

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Erikson's Stages

Erikson's theory outlines the psychosocial challenges individuals face at different ages.

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Attachment Theory

Attachment theory focuses on the importance of early relationships in shaping later development.

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Information Processing Theory

This theory examines how individuals process information, encoding, storing, and retrieving it.

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Longitudinal Studies

Studies that track participants over a long period to study development over time.

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Cross-Sectional Studies

Studies that compare participants of different ages at a single point in time to see differences.

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Study Notes

Gross Motor Skills

  • Gross motor skills involve large muscle movements.

Fine Motor Skills

  • Fine motor skills involve coordinating small muscles, especially in the hands and fingers with the eyes.
  • Examples include the grasp reflex and pincer grasp.

Grasp Reflex

  • Present at birth.
  • Newborns instinctively close their hands when an object touches their palm.

Pincer Grasp

  • Emerges later.
  • Babies use their thumb and index finger to pick up small objects.

Social Development

  • Attachment is a crucial emotional bond between an infant and their caregiver, vital for social and emotional growth.
  • Types of attachment include secure, avoidant, ambivalent (resistant), and disorganized.

Emotional Expression and Regulation in Infants

  • Infants express emotions through various means.
  • They learn to express emotions through reciprocity and mirroring.
  • Neglect can negatively affect infant emotional development.

Understanding Infant Social and Emotional Development

  • Social awareness involves recognizing and responding to others' emotions and behaviors.
  • Infants exhibit basic, complex, and socially oriented emotions.
  • Mirror neurons play a role in understanding others' emotions.
  • Parenting styles influence emotional development.

Cognitive Development in Infants

  • Piaget's theory focuses on:
    • Object permanence: understanding that objects exist even when hidden.
    • Trial-and-error problem-solving.
    • Assimilation and accommodation.
    • Equilibrium in cognitive development
  • Vygotsky's social constructivism:
    • Cognitive development is a socially mediated process.
    • Imitation plays a role in learning.
    • Cultural tools and scaffolding are important factors in learning.

How Infants Learn

  • Learning through observation.
  • Reinforcement is a key learning mechanism.
  • Repetition is crucial for learning.

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