Social Development in Early Childhood

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Questions and Answers

What is a key characteristic of social development in 18-month to 2-year-olds?

Forms long-term friendships

Begins to enjoy repetitive actions (correct)

Relies solely on adult interaction

Creates complex social rules

At what age do children typically begin to play cooperatively with others?

2 years

3 years (correct)

4 years

5 years

What is a significant development in 4-6 year olds' social skills?

Develops advanced negotiating skills

Does not enjoy playing with peers

Only plays solo without rules

Begins to use simple rules in games (correct)

What role do close friendships play during difficult life events?

Help maintain a healthy lifestyle Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common change in friendship as one ages?

Friendships become less important Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable social development in adolescence?

Increased independence and socialization outside the family Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant social development observed in infants at 5 months old?

Distinguishing between familiar and unfamiliar people Signup and view all the answers

What is one impact of peer pressure on teenagers?

Encouragement of risky behaviors Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a milestone in human development?

An event marking a specific age-related ability Signup and view all the answers

What changes occur during the transition from an adult to an elder?

Decrease in height by approximately 5 inches Signup and view all the answers

During which life stages is rapid growth most commonly observed?

Infancy and puberty Signup and view all the answers

What are the two critical measurements for determining physical growth?

Height and weight Signup and view all the answers

What might prevent a human from growing but allow for some development?

Brain damage inhibiting necessary skills for independence Signup and view all the answers

At what age should a child be able to kick and throw a large ball?

By age 4 Signup and view all the answers

What developmental milestone should a child achieve by age 8?

Have good control of small muscles and draw detailed pictures Signup and view all the answers

At what age do young adults generally reach their full height and strength?

Between 19 and 28 Signup and view all the answers

What behaviour is characteristic of the multiple stage of attachment?

Attachment behaviours are displayed towards several different people. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect did Schaffer and Emerson use to define attachment?

The tendency of the young to seek the proximity of other members of the species. Signup and view all the answers

How did Emerson conduct his research on attachment development?

By observing attachment formation over time and its intensity. Signup and view all the answers

What factor might lead to delayed attachment formation in premature infants?

Isolation due to being placed in an incubator. Signup and view all the answers

What does emotional availability refer to in the context of attachment?

The caregiver’s neglect of the child’s emotional needs. Signup and view all the answers

How can the relationship with teachers impact a child's self-confidence?

By providing an additional source of validation and support. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two components that constitute self-esteem?

Self-confidence and self-acceptance. Signup and view all the answers

How can infants attain positive self-esteem according to their developmental attachments?

Through the attachments formed with main caregivers. Signup and view all the answers

What methodology did Arnold Gesell employ in his research on child development?

Observing large numbers of children to identify developmental milestones Signup and view all the answers

What was a key conclusion of Gesell's research on child development?

Development is predetermined and genetically influenced Signup and view all the answers

What criticism did critics level against Gesell's maturation theory?

It failed to account for individual and cultural differences Signup and view all the answers

Which concept is central to Bandura's social learning theory?

Behavior is learned through observation of others Signup and view all the answers

What are the four stages of behavioral learning according to Bandura?

Observation, internalization, reproduction, and reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

What experiment did Bandura conduct to demonstrate his theory of behavioral learning?

An experiment using a Bobo doll to show learned aggression Signup and view all the answers

What does the stress psychological model help to explain?

The interactions between life events and predispositions to mental illness Signup and view all the answers

What key facts about genetics are highlighted in the content?

Humans possess 23 pairs of chromosomes which contain DNA Signup and view all the answers

What does genetic predisposition indicate?

It means that one has a possibility of developing a condition. Signup and view all the answers

What primary issue does cystic fibrosis cause in the lungs?

Production of thick, sticky mucus. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following treatments is beneficial for children with brittle bone disease?

Physiotherapy and assistive equipment. Signup and view all the answers

What is a major consequence of untreated phenylketonuria (PKU)?

Severe learning disability and possible death. Signup and view all the answers

At what age does Huntington's disease usually begin?

Between ages 35-55. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of symptoms in cystic fibrosis?

A defective protein produced by a recessive gene. Signup and view all the answers

How is phenylketonuria usually diagnosed in newborns?

With a heel-prick blood test at birth. Signup and view all the answers

Why are children with brittle bone disease at high risk of fractures?

Their bones develop without sufficient collagen. Signup and view all the answers

What type of complications can result from exposure to air pollution during pregnancy?

Asthma and cardiovascular disease in later life Signup and view all the answers

Which factors can contribute to congenital defects?

Socio-economic factors and environmental factors Signup and view all the answers

What causes allergies in individuals?

Irritants that trigger an overreaction from the immune system Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a respiratory disorder caused by pollution or irritants?

Arthritis Signup and view all the answers

What is a major health risk associated with tobacco smoke?

Alteration of the heart and blood vessels' lining Signup and view all the answers

What are the typical characteristics of an asthma attack?

Airways become inflamed and constricted Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a common effect of household pollutants?

Emission of harmful gases Signup and view all the answers

Which condition can result from prolonged exposure to air pollution?

Respiratory problems like asthma Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Development From Baby to Child

Development includes bigger size and physical changes like walking.

Development From Child to Adolescent

Fertile development (eggs and sperm) occurs.
Height increases.

Development From Adult to Elder

Height decreases by 5 inches.

Milestones

Milestones are actions a human should accomplish at specific ages.

Life Stages

Birth to infancy (0-2 years)
Early childhood (3-8 years)
Adolescence (9-18 years)
Early adulthood (19-45 years)
Middle adulthood (45-65 years)
Later adulthood (65+)

Growth Measurement

Growth is measured by height, weight, and dimension.

Growth vs Development

Brain damage can prevent independent skills, despite growth.
Achondroplasia is a condition in which growth is limited but development may occur.

Rapid Growth Stages

Infancy and puberty are periods of rapid growth.

Fastest Growing Body Part

Head circumference.

Development Stages: Key Questions

What are the milestones in different age groups between birth to 18 years about growth and development of a child?
What developmental milestones are there for fine motor (using tools), gross motor (physical), and language skills?
What key factors influence the physical and non-physical development of a child?
What is the cognitive function of children at different stages of development?
What is the progression in a person's intellectual capacity with age?

Development Milestones & Associated Age

3 years old: Gross motor - tricycle, balance on one foot 1 sec; Fine motor - copying letters, tower construction with cubes.
4 years old: Gross motor - kicking and throwing a ball;
5 years old: Gross motor - hopping using each foot separately
6-7 years old: Ride a bicycle
8 years old: Fine motor - detailed drawing
12 months old : Language development: Single words.

Physical Performance Peak

Young adults reach peak physical performance between 19 and 28.
Full height and strength are reached by 19-28 years.

Stages of Cognitive Development (Piaget)

Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete operational, Formal operational.

Piaget's Schema

Schema is a mental framework used to understand and interpret the world.

Language Acquisition Device

Chomsky believed there is an innate, biological component, called a language acquisition device or LAD that facilitates language acquisition.

Egocentrism

A young child's inability to see things from another person's perspective.

Parallel Play

Children playing alongside each other, rather than together, is parallel play.

Operational Stage (Piaget)

Children understand that appearance can change, but quantity remains the same; this is a key concept in the operational stage.

Language Development by Age

3-year-olds: Using simple sentences; Asking questions
4-year-olds: Clearer sentences; Strangers can understand
5-year-olds: Adult-like grammar

Promoting Language Development

Infants: Bubbles, puppets, rhymes, and books.
Young children: Group activities and storytelling
Adolescents: Reading, discussions and presentations

Factors Affecting Development

Prenatal factors: Prematurity, drug use and stress during pregnancy
Postnatal factors: Deprivation, separation, emotional availability and disability

Self-Esteem

Self esteem is influenced by physical appearance, social support, and lifestyle.
Positive self-esteem is based on a sense of accomplishment and confidence.

Emotional Development

The way an individual interacts with themselves, others, and their environment.
The process used to understand and value individuals and themselves.

Attachment in Infants

Infants have a need to form a bond with a caregiver; this secure attachment is important for future emotional stability and well-being .

Attachment Styles

Secure, Insecure (anxious or avoidant)

0-1 years: Looking at adults, putting things in mouth, simple games
12-18 months: Playing and talking, interactions with adults and other children
18-24 months: Repetitive actions, imitating children and adults
3-4 years: Cooperative play, understanding rules
4-6 years: Co-operative games, sharing
6-8 years: Group play, Rules and games

Peer Pressure

During adolescence, peer pressure influences (risky behaviors).

2 months old: Smiles at people
3 months old: Responds to adults speaking
5 months old: Increased social interaction.

Family and environment in development.

The provision of a safe base to a child promotes social development.
Important role of peers.
Factors such as employment, social engagements can affect social development during adulthood.
Importance of supportive environments in early development.

Nurture vs Nature

Nature refers to biological and genetic influences, nurture refers to environmental effects.

Maturation

Development progress based on inherent (genetic) timing.

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Description

Explore key milestones and characteristics of social development from infancy to adolescence. This quiz covers critical social skills and changes that occur through various stages of childhood, including cooperative play, the impact of friendships, and the effects of peer pressure on teenagers.