Health and Social Care Questions PDF

1. What is the development from a baby to a child? Bigger is size and physical development (e.g. walking). 2. What is the development for a child to a adolescent? Fertile (eggs and sperm) and height increases. 3. What is the development from an adult to an elder? Height decreases by 5 inches...

1. What is the development from a baby to a child? Bigger is size and physical development (e.g. walking). 2. What is the development for a child to a adolescent? Fertile (eggs and sperm) and height increases. 3. What is the development from an adult to an elder? Height decreases by 5 inches. 4. What is meant by a milestone? This is something that a human should be able to do at a certain age. 5. What are the life stages? Birth and infancy- 0-2 years. Early childhood- 3-8 years. Adolescence- 9-18 years. Early adulthood- 19-45 years. Middle adulthood- 45-65 years Later adulthood- 65 years + 6. How is growth measured? Height, weight and dimension. 7. Why may a human grow but not develop? If they are born with some form of brain damage which prevents the skills needed to live independently. 8. Why may a human develop but not grow? If someone has a condition known as achondroplasia. 9. In what life stage is there more rapid growth? Infancy and puberty. 10. What part of the body grows at a faster rate? The head circumference.  11. What two dimensions is it important to consider when referring to growth? Weight and height. 12. What order does development happen? Head to toe, inside to outside and holistically. 13. When are development milestones useful? It can be a useful guide for health care professionals and they can take the appropriate action if development is delayed in one or more of the developmental areas. 14. By the age of 3 what gross motor skills should a child have? Ride a tricycle, run and balance on one foot for one second. 15. By the age of 4 what gross motor skills should a child have? Kick and throw a large ball. 16. By the age of ve what gross motor skills should a child have? They can hop using each foot separately. 17. By the age of 6 or 7 what gross motor skills should a child have? Ride a bicycle. 18. By the age of 3 what ne motor skills should a child have? Use a pencil to copy letters and build a tower with cubes. 19. By the age of 5 what ne motor skills should a child have? Dress and undress themselves. 20. By the age of 8 what ne motor skills should a child have? Have good control of their small muscles and be able to draw detailed pictures. fi fi fi fi  21. What age are young adults at the peak of their physical performance? Between 19 and 28. 22. By what age do young adults reach their full height and strength? Between 19 and 28. 23. What does the increase in progesterone do during pregnancy and lactation? It maintains the pregnancy and prepares the breasts to produce milk. 24. What age does a woman’s ovaries producing eggs each month? 40’s. 25. What is it called when a woman’s ovaries stop producing an egg each month? Perimenopause. 26. How long does a woman have to not have a period for in order for perimenopause to end? 12 months. 27. What does the menopause involve?. Gradual ending of menstruation.. A reduction in sex hormones.. osteoporosis. 28. Why do individuals in later adulthood decrease in height? Changes in posture and compression of spinal discs and joints. 29. What is one of the effects of ageing? Loss of strength and muscle. Mobility and dexterity becomes more dif cult. 30. What is intellectual development? fi It refers to thinking and learning process, how individuals organise their ideas and make sense of the world they live in. 31. What did the study of difference between adults and children’s learning theory style show? As an individual progresses through the various life stages, their intellectual and cognitive ability increases. 32. What development happens in infancy and early childhood? Rapid intellectual development. 33. What development happens in adolescence? Logical thought and memory recall skills. 34. What development happens in middle adulthood? Can think through problems and make sound judgements using life experiences. 35. What development happens in later adulthood? Changes in the brain can cause short-term memory decline and slower though process and reaction time. 36. What percentage of an adults brain does a baby have at birth? 30%. 37. What percentage of an adults does a 2 year old have? 60% 38. What language development should a 3 month old have? Begin to make babbling noises as they learn to control their muscles associated with speech. 39. What language development should a 12 moth old have? Begin to imitate sounds made by careers. This develops into using single words. 40. What language development should a 2 year old have? Begin to make two word sentences and begin to build their vocabulary. 41. What language development should a 3 year old have? Begin to use simple sentences which develops into the ability to ask questions. 42. What language development should a 4 year old have? Begin to use clear sentences that can be understood by strangers. 43. What language development should a 5 year old have? Children can speak using full adult grammar. 44. How can language development be promoted for infants?. Blowing bubbles.. Play with puppets.. Watch and listen to other children.. Join in with action rhymes and songs.. Look at picture books. 45. How can language development be promoted in young children?. Take part in circle time.. Take part in group activities.. Imaginary play.. Share stories and rhymes.. Play word games and riddles. 46. How can language development be promoted in adolescence?. Read a wide range of books and journals.. Take part in group projects.. Discuss ideas.. Plan and deliver presentations. 47. What do individuals in early adulthood have to apply? Knowledge, skill and experience.  48. Why do individuals in early adulthood need to think through problems and make decisions? They will be in job roles sometimes relating to complex situations. 49. In middle adulthood what will there be a gradual decline in? The speed of processing information. 50. What factor is part of the ageing process? Physical changes that can cause a temporary malfunction in the way the brain works. 51. Who was Jean Piaget? He was the rst phycologist to study cognitive development. 52. What stages did Piaget believe children passed through in their cognitive development? Sensorimotor, preoperational thinking, concrete operation and formal operational. 53. What was Piaget’s idea of SCHEMA? Children initially explore the world through their senses and as they get older, they are able to develop an understanding of complex information and abstract thought. 54. What is the sensorimotor stage? (Birth to 2 years).. Known the world through movements and sensation.. Learn about the world through basic actions.. Learn that things continue to exist even when they cannot be seen. , Realise that their actions can cause things to happen in the world around them. 55. What happens in an individual’s cognitive development between 2-7 years?. Begin to think symbolically and learn to use words and pictures to represent objects.. Tend to be egocentrism and tend to nd it hard to see things from other perspectives. fi fi  56. What is a schema according to Schemas? In a category of knowledge as well as the process of acquiring knowledge. A child develops concepts about the world around them. 57. What happens when young children experience situations where new information is accommodated? The original schemas are modi ed or changed so they again reach a stage of equilibrium. 58. What is egocentrism? Is best described as a young child’s inability to see a situation from another person’s point of view. 59. What is parallel play? They play alongside rather than with other children. 60. What is the positive impact of parallel play? The child absorbs their own world, and speech is used to externalise their thinking. 61. What is the operational stage? Children understand the theory of conversation- that somethings appearance may change but quantity will stay the same. 62. What did Noam Chomsky believe? He believed that the ability to develop a signed or spoken language and become uent in their rst language by the age of 5 or 6. 63. What did Chomsky believe individuals were born with? Language acquisition device, that enables children to recognise and develop the languages they experience. 64. What is maturation? The unfolding of an individuals biological potential. 65. Why did Chomsky believe that children cannot learn a language from imitation alone? fl fi fi The grammar and syntax of the language around them is often highly irregular. 66. Why did Chomsky apply his theory to all languages? They all contain nouns, verbs, consonants and vowels. 67. What happen during a critical period for language acquisitions? The brain is particularly receptive to linguistic input. 68. What did Burner argue about social interaction? Social interaction in the early stages of language development. 69. Why would someone disagree with Chomsky’s theory? He did not take into consideration children who experience delayed language development, learning disability and hearing and speech impairments. 70. What is emotional development? Is the way an individual begins to feel about and value themselves and other people. 71. What did Bowlby argue about infant’s attachments to a care giver? Infants have an inbuilt need to form an attachment with a career. 72. What is the impact of an infant forming a secure attachment to a care giver? They will grow up with the emotional resources needed to cope with uncertainty in life. 73. What is the impact of an infant forming an unhealth attachment to a care giver? Can lead to behavioural issues a lack of ability to receive affection and manipulative behaviour. 74. What did John Bowlby believe attachment is? A deep and enduring emotional bond that connects a child to their primary care giver. 75. What did Bowlby link to come up with the attachment theory? The importance of social, emotional and cognitive development to the relationship that the child had with the mother. 76. What did Bowlby believe about attachment? He believed that children were biologically programmed to form attachments, and that infancy is a critical time period for forming positive attachments. 77. What did Bowlby discover when working with James Robertson? Children experience separation anxiety, an intense distress, when separated from their mothers. 78. What did Bowlby believe happened when an infant was under stress or feeling threatened? Infants have a universal need to seek close proximity with their care giver. 79. What did Rutter argue about forming attachments? That maternal deprivation in itself may not result in long-term problems. He suggested that privation is far more damaging. 80. What is meant by privation? Happen when children have not had the opportunity to form attachments caused by a lack of social or intellectual stimulation. 81. What did Schaffer’s experiment involve? They would visit an infants home one a month for one year and analysed the infants interaction with their care givers to establish if or when infants started to display separation anxiety. 82. What did the results of Schaffer’s experiment show?  Attachments were most likely to form with careers who were sensitive to the baby’s signals, rather than the person they spent most time with. 83. What did Schaffer’s experiment show about 10 month old babies? Most of the babies had developed several attachments to mothers, fathers, siblings and extended family. 84. What did Schaffer’s experiment show about 18 month old babies? That it was mainly the mother or the father who was the attachment gure. 85. What was the conclusion of Schaffer’s experiment? That being sensitive and responsive is more instrumental in attachment development than physical care. 86. What is the asocial stage? (0-6 weeks). Similar responses to objects and people. Preference for faces/ eyes. 87. What is the indiscriminate attachment stage? (6 weeks- 6 months). Preference for human company. Ability to distinguish between people but comforted indiscriminately. 88. What is the speci c stage? (7 months+). Infants show a preference for one care giver, displaying separation or stranger anxiety. The baby looks to particular people for security, comfort and protection. 89. What is the multiple stage? (10-11+ months) Attachment behaviours are displayed towards several different people. 90. How did Schaffer and Emerson de ne attachment? fi fi fi The tendency of the young to seek the proximity of other members of species. 91. What was Emersons view on infants and young children forming attachments? They seek out and nd comfort in being physically close to people with whom they have formed an attachment with. 92. What did Emerson want to nd out? How and when attachments develop. 93. How did Emerson proceed to discover when and how attachments develop? He explored a number of different aspects of children’s attachments, including the ages which attachments began, the intensity of these attachments, the person whom the child was attached to, as well as the total number of attachments for an individual child. 94. What are factors that can affect attachments? Prematurity- They have to be in a incubator and therefore get lonely and don’t form an attachment until later on. Post-natal depression- the mother may feel depressed just after having a baby as their body has changed and they will be sleep deprived. Separation- separation of the parents from their baby. 95. What is emotional availability? This is where the care givers doesn’t see to the baby’s emotional needs. 96. Why may disability effect attachment? If the baby has a disability the parents may nd it hard to bond with the baby. fi fi fi  97. What is meant by children begin to imagen a ‘me’? An idea of self-concept. Relationships with family members may in uence whether a child feels valued. 98. What other relationships would affect a child’s self- con dence? The way a child gets of with their teachers and friends may in uence their self-con dence. The child might develop a sense of con dence or sense of failure. 99. What does self esteem consist of? Self-con dence and self-acceptance. 100. How can babies and infants achieve positive self- esteem? Through the attachments they develop with their main care giver. 101. How is self esteem shaped in children? What they think and feel about themselves. Positive self-esteem = optimistic view of their life in general. 102. What happens to self-esteem by the age of 4? Positive self-esteem is reinforced by what the child can do successfully and independently. 103. How can careers help encourage their child’s self- esteem?. Including them in tasks with a sense of accomplishment.. ask their child’s opinion.. Encourage them to accept failure as well as success. 104. What can happen if a child has low self-esteem? They become passive, withdrawn and depressed. They have dif culty dealing with problems, and are very self-critical. fl fl fi fi fi fi fi  105. What is something a adolescent needs to develop? A secure self- concept. 106. Why does a person need to have a clear understanding of identity? To feel secure when working with other people, or in order to make a loving sexual attachment. 107. What is one key feature of emotional development? Fitting in with peer groups and gaining acceptance is very important. 108. What is one factor that can affect a young person’s self-esteem? Body image is an essential part of a young person’s self-esteem. Young people who have a poor body image can experience low self-esteem. 109. What is one factor that can in uence the self- esteem of an individual in early or middle adulthood? An individuals self esteem is in uenced by lifestyle such as their jobs or marital status. 110. What is something at affects self image? Is affected by personal appearance and how others see you. 111. Why do older people need a secure sense of self? To enable them to cope with the physical changes associated with ageing and death. 112. What is the impact of failing to nd a sense of their lives? Individuals might experience emotional despair. 113. What does social development involve? fl fl fi Learning how to interact socially and develop relationships with other individuals in the family and society in general. 114. What is it important to take into consideration when considering social development? The great differences between generation and cultural variations. 115. What is the development of a 0-1 year old? Looks at adults closely, puts things into mouth and touches things with hands, play alone with toys. Gradually begins to play simple games, for example peek-a-boo and begins to explore toys alone. 116. What is the development of a 12-18 month old? Begins to play and talk alone, repeats actions and starts to play with adults, notice other children. 117. What is the development of a 18 month- 2 year old? Begins to enjoy repetitive actions, such as putting objects into and taking them out of boxes. Begins to copy other children and adults. Enjoys playing with adults as well as on own. Learns to complete tasks through trial and error. 118. What is co-operative play? Children begin to widen their social network group and form relationships with their peers and other adults. By 3, a child has become more co-operative in their play, helped by their language development- playing together with other children, sharing toys and taking turns in games. 119. What is the social development of a 3–4-year-old? Begins to play co-operatively with other children and starts to show reasoning skills by asking questions ‘why’ and ‘how’. They join in pretend and fantasy games negotiating and taking on roles.  120. What is the social development of a 4–6-year-old? Begins to use simple rules in games. Plays co-operatively towards a shared goal and takes turns when playing tabletop games with other children. 121. What is the social development of a 6–8-year-old? Begins to enjoy playing in small groups, making up own games and rules. Enjoys understanding and using rules but does not usually cope well with losing. 122. What is one positive factor about having friends? Friendships can help to cope with traumatic life events, like job loss, serious illness, or relationship breakdown. Close friendships can help to maintain a healthy lifestyle. 123. Why may Friendship change as you get older? As people get older, friendships may take a back seat due to changing interests or circumstances. 124. What is one fact about social development in adolescence? During adolescence, young people become more independent, socialising outside the family. 125. What is one fact about peer pressure? Peer pressure can be challenging for teenagers and their families, for example encouraging risky behaviour such as drinking alcohol or taking drugs. 126. What is the social development of a 2-3 month old? By 2 months, they may start to smile at human faces. At 3 months, they will respond when adults talk. 127. What is the social development of a 5 month old?  At 5 months, infants can distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar people. Infants make their rst relationships as they form an emotional attachment to carers. 128. Why is it important for a family environment to provide a ‘safe base’? A family environment might provide a ‘safe base’ from which to explore social relationships with other children through play. Children will learn to co-operate with other children. 129. What in uences self-worth the most during adolescence? Sense of self-worth may be more in uenced by their peers; adolescents copy the styles of dress, and behaviours of their own network of friends. 130. What is early adulthood dominated by? Early adulthood is dominated by forming intimate partnership and by the need to nd employment/ establish a career. 131. What factors will cause a mature adult to split their time? Mature adults may have to split their time between work, caring for parents, other family commitments and wider social activities. Some mature adults report a reduction in the amount of social activity due to these pressures. 132. What will some individuals choose to do following retirement? Following retirement, older adults have more free time to develop friendships through taking up new hobbies, and travel. Others may choose to increase their involvement with close friends and family rather than extend their network of social contacts. 133. What is meant by nature? fi fl fl fi  Nature refers to genetic inheritance and other biological factors. 134. What is meant by nurture? Nurture refers to environmental in uences on development such as the environment you grow up in or social in uence. 135. What was Chomsky’s proposal and where did it come from? Chomsky’s proposal that language is developed through the use of an innate language acquisition device comes from a biological perspective. 136. What are characteristics and differences not observed at birth referred to? Characteristics and differences not observed at birth, but which emerge later in life, are referred to as maturation. The ‘nature’ perspective is based on an assumption that all individuals have an inner ‘biological clock’ that determines when and at what physical rate physical development will progress. 137. What was Arnold Gesell interested in? Arnold Gesell was interested in children’s biological maturation. 138. What mythology did Arnold Gesell come up with? In the 1940- 50’s he developed a new mythology to research child development: observing large numbers of children to nd the skills and abilities that most children had to each age group. His ndings were used to establish milestones for each developmental aspect. 139. What did Gesell’s mythology conclude? Gesell concluded that development was predetermined genetically. If a child experiences delayed development, then the problem is heredity rather than the results of the child’s environment. 140. What did critics of Gesell suggest? Critics of Gesell suggests that maturation theory is not helpful in explaining individuals or cultural difference or for children with learning dif culties. 141. What is Bandura’s social learning theory based from? fi fl fi fl fi Bandura’s social learning theory is based on his observation of learning occurring through observing the behaviour of others. 142. What did Bandura believe were the four stages of behavioural learning? 1.The children notices the behaviour of another person. 2. The child ‘internalises’ the action by remembering what they observed. 3. They will reproduce the behaviour when the opportunity occurs. 4. Depending on the positive or negative reinforcement children will either repeat the behaviour or desist. 143. What did Bandura base his theory of behavioural learning from? Bandura based his theory on a famous experiment using a bobo doll in which he demonstrated that children learn and copy aggressive behaving aggressively. 144. What does the stress psychological model help to explain? The stress phycological model helps to explain how stress caused by life events can interact with an individuals are born with certain perspiration to a mental illness. 145. What is some key facts about genetics? Each living cell in the human body contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Each chromosome carries units of inheritance known as genes, and these genes interact to create a new set of instructions for making a new person. Genes are made of a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). DNA contains the instructions for producing proteins. It is these proteins that regulate the development of a human being. 146. What is meant by genetic predisposition? A predisposition is the possibility that you will develop a condition. However, it does not mean that it is a certainty that you will develop that condition. Although the genetic predispositions cannot be altered, we can improve environmental factors and offer support and treatment to allow the individuals to develop life as healthily as possible.  147. What is cystic brosis? It is caused by a recessive faulty gene, then both parents must be carriers for their children to develop cystic brosis. CF results in a defective protein being produced that can cause the lungs to become clogged with thick sticky mucus. · Problems absorbing nourishment from food · Respiratory and chest infections · Physiotherapy helps to clear mucus from their lungs · Drugs help control breathing and throat and lung infections · Special diet and drugs help with food absorption. 148. What is brittle bone disease? Brittle bone disease may be inherited, but it can also develop from a spontaneous genetic mutation. Children born with brittle bone disease are at high risk of fracturing or breaking their bones easily because their bones develop without the right amount of collagen. Children with brittle bone disease can often be helped through physiotherapy, assistive equipment and drug treatments to help strengthen their bones. 149. What is phenylketonuria? In PKU, if the child eats foods containing amino acid phenylalanine, there is a build-up of harmful substances in the body that damages brain development. The condition cannot be cured. All babies in the UK are screened at birth by a heel-prick blood test. It can be managed with a special diet and medication. A baby born with undetected PKU would fail to meet developmental milestones and experience developmental delay. Untreated PKU would result in severe learning disability and the child’s death. 150. What is Huntington’s disease? Often starts between 35-55 yo. It is an inherited. neurodegenerative genetic disorder that causes progressive damage to certain nerve cells in the brain. It can affect muscle coordination and cause mental decline and behavioural changes. The earliest signs are hardly noticeable. During the later stages of the disease, movement, behaviour and cognitive abilities are affected and the individual becomes increasingly dependent on other people for care and support. fi fi 151. What is Klinefelter’s syndrome? Signs and symptoms are not always obvious. Babies are slow in reaching milestones such as sitting up, crawling and walking. Many boys with this condition also experience dif culty socialising and expressing their feelings. The onset of puberty is often not affected. However, the testes do not increase in size and there may be a lack of testosterone. Most adult males with this syndrome are able to live independently and establish careers and relationships. 152. What is Down’s syndrome? It is a result of an extra chromosome (chromosome 21). The condition can cause different levels of learning disability, the characteristic physical features and associated medical issues like hearing, visual or heart problems. There is a higher risk of giving birth to a baby with Down’s syndrome for women 45+ (about 1 in 50). Improved health and social care support and education has provided opportunities for young people who have Down’s syndrome to live independently, so that they are able to form new relationships and gain employment. 153. What is colour blindness? It is a very rare condition in which an individual has no colour perception at all. It affects around 4,5% of the population in the UK. Some people do not realise that they are colour blind. Inherited colour vision de ciency is a result of an abnormality in the retina. It is important to take colour blindness into consideration when delivering services by using appropriate colour schemes when producing printed information. 154. What is Duchenne muscular dystrophy? This condition is inherited on the female gene and is passed only to male offspring. This prevents the body from producing a muscle protein, dystrophin, essential for building and repairing muscles. The muscular weakness becomes more noticeable in early childhood- muscle weakness mainly in muscles near to the trunk of the body, fi fi  around the hips and the shoulders. Fine motor skills are less affected than gross motor skills. Many young men with Duchenne muscular dystrophy are able to lead active lives. Survival beyond the age of 30 was rare. 155. What is a key fact about Cancer? most cancers are attributed to environmental. factors- lung cancer is and skin cancer. Over 40% of cancers can be prevented by making different lifestyle choices. There are a number of cancers where a genetic link has been shown- for those with the faulty gene, getting cancer is not inevitable, although an unhealthy lifestyle will increase the risk. 156. What is a key fact about high blood cholesterol? Cholesterol is a fatty substance that is carried around the body by proteins. Too much can cause a build-up in the artery walls. High cholesterol levels may also be an inherited condition that runs in families, people with this type of high blood cholesterol are born with the condition and it can lead to early heart problems unless treated. 157. What is a key fact about diabetes? is an increasingly common chronic condition affecting millions of people in the UK. Although lifestyle is more likely to play a role in Type 2 diabetes, there is a strong predisposition to developing both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. The genetic risk of developing Type 1 diabetes is higher if biological parents have diabetes. 158. What is foetal alcohol syndrome? Drinking alcohol during pregnancy carries a huge risk to a baby’s health and development. Mothers may give birth to children with foetal alcohol syndrome. Children with this condition have developmental and physical defects which have life- long effects. They tend to have smaller heads than normal caused by poor brain development. These children may also have heart defects, learning dif culties and neurological problems. 159. What is the impact of maternal infections during pregnancy? If a pregnant woman is exposed to, or acquires infections such as rubella (a type of measles) or cytomegalovirus (a herpes-type virus) the foetus may be adversely affected. Rubella: baby may be born with impaired hearing or eyesight, or a damaged heart. fi  Cytomegalovirus (CMV): is a common virus belonging to the herpes family- deafness and learning dif culties. 160. What is congenital defects? Congenital defects- (present at birth) are the most common cause of childhood chronic illness, disability and death. Examples: heart defects, neural tube defects and Down’s syndrome. Congenital defects may be genetic but other factors can also be responsible: socio-economic factors: lack of nutritious food during pregnancy environmental factors: exposure to pollution infectious diseases (during pregnancy) such as syphilis and rubella. 161. What is the impact of exposure to pollution? Air and water pollution can in uence development and be a major source of ill health, causing illnesses such as asthma and other respiratory problems. The environment may contain many chemicals from vehicles and industrial emissions. Household pollutants include mould and some cleaning products that emit poisonous gases. 162. What is a raspatory disorder? Tobacco smoke, and air pollution associated with various toxins and pollutants are harmful to the respiratory system. They affect the nerves and muscles used for breathing and can also have a bad effect on the lining of the air passages. Respiratory disorders from runny nose or sore throat to bacterial pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer. 163. What are cardiovascular problems? The risk factors include smoking tobacco and air pollution. Tobacco smoke is linked to changes in the lining of the heart and blood vessels causing clots (thrombosis), which may lead to a heart attack. Exposure to pollution during pregnancy may be linked to the baby having congenital heart defects and cardiovascular disease in later life. fl fi 164. What is allergies? Allergies are caused by irritants such as dust or pollen causing the immune system to overreact. Hay fever and asthma are examples of respiratory system allergic reactions. An asthma attack causes dif culty in breathing as the airways (bronchi and bronchioles) become in amed and constricted (narrowed). This is usually a temporary reaction and can be relieved by using an inhaler to widen the airways, although it can cause distress to young children. fi fl