Emotional & Social Development in Childhood

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Questions and Answers

What is a key outcome of the initiative versus guilt stage in Erikson's theory of development?

Increased dependence on parents

Heightened self-esteem

Avoidance of peer activities

Learning to be more independent (correct)

How might overly critical parenting affect a child's emotional development during the initiative versus guilt stage?

It fosters a sense of independence from an early age.

It generally has no effect on emotional development.

It boosts their self-esteem significantly.

It can lead to feelings of guilt and shame. (correct)

What significantly influences a child's emotional competence?

Peer relationships

Societal expectations

Parenting practices (correct)

Sibling dynamics

At what age do children typically start playing predominantly with same-sex playmates, according to gender role development patterns?

Age 4 Signup and view all the answers

What do gender stereotypes primarily reflect in society?

Cultural, social, and psychological meanings of gender Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of gender schema theory in gender-role development?

It combines environmental pressures and children's cognitions. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of intersex individuals?

Born with a combination of male and female reproductive organs. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key finding regarding transgender children who social transitioned?

They show similar gender development as their cisgender peers. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is associated with Klinefelter Syndrome?

Inheriting an extra X chromosome (XXY). Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary recommendation from the American Academy of Pediatrics regarding disciplinary strategies?

Aversive strategies should be avoided as they are minimally effective. Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic best describes Piaget's formal operational stage?

Imaginary audience Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant aspect of Arnett's concept of emerging adulthood?

Feeling 'in between' Signup and view all the answers

Which identity status does NOT belong to Marcia's identified categories?

Regressive Signup and view all the answers

In which age range does established adulthood occur according to the developmental stages?

30-45 years Signup and view all the answers

What behavior is NOT typically reported in the Youth Risk Behavior Survey?

Exercise frequency Signup and view all the answers

What vocational type is NOT part of Holland's theory of vocational choice?

Preference-based Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic behavior observed in parents of young adult children?

Text at least a few times a week Signup and view all the answers

What developmental issue is associated with Erikson's stage of Intimacy vs. Isolation?

Establishing close relationships Signup and view all the answers

What is the main psychological conflict children face during the stage of inferiority?

Lack of confidence in their abilities Signup and view all the answers

Which area is NOT one of the four broad areas of self-evaluation related to self-esteem?

Artistic creativity Signup and view all the answers

What primarily determines moral maturity?

The reasoning process about moral dilemmas Signup and view all the answers

How do friendships in school-age children generally change?

They are more selective and stable. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes popular peers in social categories?

Well-liked by their peers Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary sexual characteristic for girls during puberty?

Development of the uterus Signup and view all the answers

What does increased white matter in the teenage brain indicate?

More connection between neurons Signup and view all the answers

What is a common change to sleep patterns during the teenage years?

Circadian rhythms shifting later Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT influence self-concept according to development in children?

Judgments of relationships Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect does NOT contribute to self-esteem decline in early elementary school?

Development of social skills Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is common among individuals who have achieved intimacy in relationships?

They are accepting of differences. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor that contributes to close relationships?

Financial stability. Signup and view all the answers

What change occurs to vision around middle adulthood?

Difficulty reading small print. Signup and view all the answers

What is the leading cause of blindness among older adults?

Macular degeneration. Signup and view all the answers

What change typically begins around age 40 concerning bone density?

Decline in mineral content. Signup and view all the answers

What is the average age for women to experience menopause?

Early 50s. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of intelligence tends to decline starting in the 20s?

Fluid intelligence. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of memory shows less decline with age?

Recognition memory. Signup and view all the answers

What effect does stereotype threat have on older adults?

Leads to diminished performance. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes to the perception of older adults in Western cultures?

Often seen as weak and boring. Signup and view all the answers

What constitutes generativity in adults aged 40-65 years?

Reaching out to others and guiding the next generation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a kinkeeper?

An individual responsible for maintaining family relationships Signup and view all the answers

What is the average cost of divorce mentioned?

$7,000 Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of first marriages typically end in divorce?

39% Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic is referred to as the 'sandwich generation'?

Middle-aged adults with aging parents and young children Signup and view all the answers

What scenario reflects the Divorce Stress-Adjustment Perspective?

Family life changes due to stress surrounding the divorce increases problems for children Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following outcomes is more likely for couples who did not live together before marriage?

They have a higher chance of being married for 20 years or more Signup and view all the answers

What defines the psychosocial stage of Ego Integrity versus Despair?

Coming to terms with life's experiences and acceptance of its inevitability Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Erikson's theory of initiative vs. guilt (ages 3-6) focuses on children's growing independence and sense of purpose
Children want to try new things, make choices (e.g., picking out clothes), and work on independent tasks
Children's self-concept develops as they form beliefs about their abilities, attributes, and values
Emotional competence improves with age, including better understanding and expression of emotions
Parenting styles significantly impact a child's emotional development

Gender

Gender roles are culturally defined expectations of behavior for males and females
Gender stereotypes are oversimplified beliefs about typical characteristics of males and females
Gender-stereotyped beliefs often strengthen in early childhood, with boys and girls often spending more time playing with same-sex peers by age 6
Gender role development begins in childhood with cultural influences shaping behaviors and expectations.

Gender Identity

Gender identity is one's personal sense of their gender
Social learning and gender schema theories help explain how environmental pressures and children's thinking shape gender roles.
Transgender children experience gender development similar to cisgender children.
Intersex individuals are born with a combination of male and female biological traits.

Parenting Styles

American Academy of Pediatrics recommends avoiding aversive discipline strategies as they are minimally effective.
Child maltreatment encompasses physical, sexual, neglect, and emotional abuse.

Physical Development

Children typically gain about 2-3 inches in height and 5 pounds in weight per year.
Bone growth increases in lower body, girls accumulating fat earlier than boys, increasing muscle gains, bones lengthen and broaden
Brain growth occurs in two major spurts between ages 6-8 and 10-12. Memory, planning, logic develop in the frontal lobes
Height and weight, growth spurts, physical exercise are part of growth
Participation in sports leads to increased self-esteem and improved social skills

Brain Growth

Two major periods of brain growth occur between ages 6-8 and 10-12, leading to improved motor skills, hand-eye coordination, memory, planning, and logical reasoning

Sports

Physical activity and sports participation increase from ages 6-11
Sports participation can improve self-esteem, social skills, emotional development, and academic performance
Costs, lack of access, social pressure, and lack of interest are some barriers to participation.

Childhood Obesity

Childhood obesity is a health crisis, with factors such as family income and access to resources impacting the rates of participation in sports

Piaget's Concrete Operational Stage (Ages 7-11)

Children demonstrate more logical thinking
Processes like classification and seriation, spatial reasoning, and cognitive mapping develop
Improvements in information processing abilities like working memory, executive function, attention, and memory strategies
Languages development including vocabulary and bilingual abilities emerge

Moral Reasoning

Moral reasoning is the cognitive process of determining right and wrong.
Kohlberg's theory describes levels of moral reasoning.
Level 1: preconventional morality or self-interest
Level 2: conventional morality emphasizing approval from others, laws, and rules of society
Level 3: postconventional morality reasoning based on abstract principles of justice applied to all situations

Peer Relationships

Peer relationships play a crucial role in social and emotional development.
Friendships are important for relationship skills, trust, and sensitivity.
School-age friendships generally remain consistent from year to year.
Peer acceptance is related to children's social preferences, with categories like popular, rejected, controversial, and neglected

Adolescence and Adulthood

Puberty is the period of rapid physical and sexual development in adolescence (ages 10-12). Primary sexual characteristics involve reproductive organs, and secondary characteristics are visible physical traits.
The teenage brain experiences myelination (connections between neurons), synaptic pruning (removal of less active synapses), and thickening of the corpus callosum (communication between brain hemispheres).
Sleep needs increase during adolescence due to changes in circadian rhythms.
Cognitive development involves the formal operational stage of reasoning, characterized by abstract thought and hypothetical reasoning.
Marcia's identity status theory describes different combinations of commitment and exploration in identity development.

Youth Risk Behavior Survey

Youth surveys collect data on various risk behaviors and mental health issues among adolescents, providing critical information for intervention.

U.S. Workers

Data about various types of workers and their characteristics.
Different professions such as construction workers, service workers, and sales workers

Relationships in Adulthood

Erikson’s theory of intimacy vs. isolation (ages 19-40) describes the psychosocial development in which individuals form close relationships, and those who have not developed intimacy may experience isolation
Establishing close relationships is important for development of psychological well-being.
Parenting relationships are associated with emotional support and cooperation in family members (parents, children).

Physical Changes (Later Adulthood)

Physical changes in vision, hearing, and skin occur in later adulthood.
Sensory decline with age, reduced activity, and decline in physical health lead to problems and difficulties

Bone Changes (Later Adulthood)

Bone mineral content declines, increasing risk of fractures, especially for women.
Menopause, marking the end of menstruation in women, is characterized by a decline in estrogen levels, potentially impacting other health aspects.

Cognitive Changes (Later Adulthood)

Crystallized intelligence (knowledge and experience) tends to maintain or increase, while fluid intelligence (information processing) may decline with age.
Changes in memory and cognitive abilities are evident with increased age, affecting tasks that require speed, efficiency, processing and visual attention

Parenting in Mid-Life

Kinkeeping role: the middle-aged adult manages family relationships.
Divorce prevalence varies, and divorce stress impacts families and those involved in a variety of ways.
Psycho-social development focuses on the process of coping in the context of divorce and the resulting stress in different members of the family and family structures and dynamics.

Later Adulthood

Erickson's theory considers the stage of ego integrity versus despair

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Description

This quiz explores emotional and social development in children, focusing on Erikson's theory of initiative versus guilt. It covers how children's self-concept and emotional competence evolve, as well as the impact of parenting styles on their development. Additionally, the quiz examines gender roles and stereotypes that shape behavior from an early age.