Emotional & Social Development in Childhood

Emotional and Social Development

• Erikson's theory of initiative vs. guilt (ages 3-6) focuses on children's growing independence and sense of purpose
• Children want to try new things, make choices (e.g., picking out clothes), and work on independent tasks
• Children's self-concept develops as they form beliefs about their abilities, attributes, and values
• Emotional competence improves with age, including better understanding and expression of emotions
• Parenting styles significantly impact a child's emotional development

Gender

• Gender roles are culturally defined expectations of behavior for males and females
• Gender stereotypes are oversimplified beliefs about typical characteristics of males and females
• Gender-stereotyped beliefs often strengthen in early childhood, with boys and girls often spending more time playing with same-sex peers by age 6
• Gender role development begins in childhood with cultural influences shaping behaviors and expectations.

Gender Identity

• Gender identity is one's personal sense of their gender
• Social learning and gender schema theories help explain how environmental pressures and children's thinking shape gender roles.
• Transgender children experience gender development similar to cisgender children.
• Intersex individuals are born with a combination of male and female biological traits.

Parenting Styles

• American Academy of Pediatrics recommends avoiding aversive discipline strategies as they are minimally effective.
• Child maltreatment encompasses physical, sexual, neglect, and emotional abuse.

Physical Development

• Children typically gain about 2-3 inches in height and 5 pounds in weight per year.
• Bone growth increases in lower body, girls accumulating fat earlier than boys, increasing muscle gains, bones lengthen and broaden
• Brain growth occurs in two major spurts between ages 6-8 and 10-12. Memory, planning, logic develop in the frontal lobes
• Height and weight, growth spurts, physical exercise are part of growth
• Participation in sports leads to increased self-esteem and improved social skills

Brain Growth

• Two major periods of brain growth occur between ages 6-8 and 10-12, leading to improved motor skills, hand-eye coordination, memory, planning, and logical reasoning

Sports

• Physical activity and sports participation increase from ages 6-11
• Sports participation can improve self-esteem, social skills, emotional development, and academic performance
• Costs, lack of access, social pressure, and lack of interest are some barriers to participation.

Childhood Obesity

• Childhood obesity is a health crisis, with factors such as family income and access to resources impacting the rates of participation in sports

Piaget's Concrete Operational Stage (Ages 7-11)

• Children demonstrate more logical thinking
• Processes like classification and seriation, spatial reasoning, and cognitive mapping develop
• Improvements in information processing abilities like working memory, executive function, attention, and memory strategies
• Languages development including vocabulary and bilingual abilities emerge

Moral Reasoning

• Moral reasoning is the cognitive process of determining right and wrong.
• Kohlberg's theory describes levels of moral reasoning.
• Level 1: preconventional morality or self-interest
• Level 2: conventional morality emphasizing approval from others, laws, and rules of society
• Level 3: postconventional morality reasoning based on abstract principles of justice applied to all situations

Peer Relationships

• Peer relationships play a crucial role in social and emotional development.
• Friendships are important for relationship skills, trust, and sensitivity.
• School-age friendships generally remain consistent from year to year.
• Peer acceptance is related to children's social preferences, with categories like popular, rejected, controversial, and neglected

Adolescence and Adulthood

• Puberty is the period of rapid physical and sexual development in adolescence (ages 10-12). Primary sexual characteristics involve reproductive organs, and secondary characteristics are visible physical traits.
• The teenage brain experiences myelination (connections between neurons), synaptic pruning (removal of less active synapses), and thickening of the corpus callosum (communication between brain hemispheres).
• Sleep needs increase during adolescence due to changes in circadian rhythms.
• Cognitive development involves the formal operational stage of reasoning, characterized by abstract thought and hypothetical reasoning.
• Marcia's identity status theory describes different combinations of commitment and exploration in identity development.

Youth Risk Behavior Survey

• Youth surveys collect data on various risk behaviors and mental health issues among adolescents, providing critical information for intervention.

U.S. Workers

• Data about various types of workers and their characteristics.
• Different professions such as construction workers, service workers, and sales workers

Relationships in Adulthood

• Erikson’s theory of intimacy vs. isolation (ages 19-40) describes the psychosocial development in which individuals form close relationships, and those who have not developed intimacy may experience isolation
• Establishing close relationships is important for development of psychological well-being.
• Parenting relationships are associated with emotional support and cooperation in family members (parents, children).

Physical Changes (Later Adulthood)

• Physical changes in vision, hearing, and skin occur in later adulthood.
• Sensory decline with age, reduced activity, and decline in physical health lead to problems and difficulties

Bone Changes (Later Adulthood)

• Bone mineral content declines, increasing risk of fractures, especially for women.
• Menopause, marking the end of menstruation in women, is characterized by a decline in estrogen levels, potentially impacting other health aspects.

Cognitive Changes (Later Adulthood)

• Crystallized intelligence (knowledge and experience) tends to maintain or increase, while fluid intelligence (information processing) may decline with age.
• Changes in memory and cognitive abilities are evident with increased age, affecting tasks that require speed, efficiency, processing and visual attention

Parenting in Mid-Life

• Kinkeeping role: the middle-aged adult manages family relationships.
• Divorce prevalence varies, and divorce stress impacts families and those involved in a variety of ways.
• Psycho-social development focuses on the process of coping in the context of divorce and the resulting stress in different members of the family and family structures and dynamics.

Later Adulthood

• Erickson's theory considers the stage of ego integrity versus despair

This quiz explores emotional and social development in children, focusing on Erikson's theory of initiative versus guilt. It covers how children's self-concept and emotional competence evolve, as well as the impact of parenting styles on their development. Additionally, the quiz examines gender roles and stereotypes that shape behavior from an early age.