Social Development and Attachment Theories
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Questions and Answers

What critical skills are considered essential for success in relationships and behavior into adulthood?

  • Problem-solving and critical thinking
  • Creativity and innovation
  • Memory and recall abilities
  • Empathy, perspective-taking, and cooperation (correct)

What is the significance of the 'babyness' features in infants?

  • They help infants communicate their needs
  • They evoke caregiving behaviors from adults (correct)
  • They enhance the infant's cognitive abilities
  • They improve physical strength in infants

At what age do infants begin to recognize their mother's voice?

  • Within 2-3 days of birth (correct)
  • Within the first week of life
  • At the end of the first month
  • After one year of age

What developmental milestone is demonstrated when infants engage in joint attention?

<p>Shared focus through following gaze and gestures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes Bowlby’s Ethological Theory of attachment?

<p>Attachment provides a secure base for exploration and learning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of social learning mechanisms, what distinguishes emulation from imitation?

<p>Emulation achieves the same goal through a different means, while imitation is copying action and goal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of attachment is characterized by balanced exploration and seeking comfort?

<p>Secure attachment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What age period is primarily associated with the emergence of shared intentionality and imitation in infants?

<p>9-14 months (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes Insecure Avoidant attachment?

<p>Minimal distress or interest in the caregiver (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age is prosocial behavior, such as helping others without reward, first seen?

<p>12-18 months (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a core component of secure attachment?

<p>Promotes balanced exploration and relational development (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'Theory of Mind'?

<p>Attribution of mental states to oneself and others (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age do infants begin to understand that others' desires may differ from their own?

<p>18 months (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of gesturing becomes more prevalent around 2-3 years of age?

<p>Iconic gestures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about animal communication is true?

<p>Chimpanzees lack declarative gestures typical of humans (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What milestone indicates an understanding of perception, attention, and goals in infants?

<p>9 months (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do vervet monkeys' alarm calls demonstrate?

<p>Primitive 'word-like' meanings for specific predators (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age do children typically begin to produce their first words?

<p>1 year (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory posits that language is acquired through reinforcement and imitation?

<p>Behaviorist Theory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a criticism of the Behaviorist Theory of language acquisition?

<p>Children often produce sentences they have never heard before (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant development occurs around 18 months of age in children?

<p>Vocabulary spurt takes place (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of childhood is crucial for acquiring native language proficiency?

<p>Early childhood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Piaget's stages of development, what is the A-not-B error?

<p>Looking in the original hiding place after seeing the object moved (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the Social Interactionist Theory regarding language acquisition?

<p>Language is learned through social interaction and scaffolding (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key limitation of Piaget's methods of assessing infant cognition?

<p>Piaget relied on infant actions to infer knowledge. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age do infants begin to show signs of object permanence through visual tests?

<p>3.5 months (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the core knowledge hypothesis proposed by Spelke?

<p>Infants have innate knowledge systems for reasoning about objects. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method do infants predominantly rely on for object individuation at 10 months of age?

<p>Spatiotemporal cues (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can the performance of preschoolers on conservation tasks be improved?

<p>By using a playful 'naughty teddy bear' approach. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do looking-time experiments in infants typically measure?

<p>Infants' expectations of object knowledge. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the A-Not-B error in infancy?

<p>Infants struggle with distinguishing between two hiding places. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age can infants typically discriminate between groups of two and three objects?

<p>6 months (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'Three Mountains' test suggest about preschoolers' perspective-taking capabilities?

<p>They may be misrepresented as egocentric. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does procedural knowledge differ from declarative knowledge?

<p>Procedural knowledge precedes explicit knowledge. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phrase best describes the developmental U-shaped curve in children's responses?

<p>Initial correct responses may decline as partial theories are formed. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes development (ontogeny) from evolution (phylogeny)?

<p>Development focuses on individual changes versus species changes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Darwinian natural selection operate?

<p>It involves competition, variation, and adaptation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does prolonged infancy in primates suggest in terms of evolutionary advantages?

<p>It supports the notion of adaptive advantages for extended development. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does the study of evolutionary developmental psychology inform our understanding of behaviors?

<p>It explains behaviors and cognition as evolving adaptations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is morphogenesis defined within the context of development and evolution?

<p>It involves the formation of new patterns and structures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus during the Concrete Operational stage of cognitive development?

<p>Logical operations with concrete concepts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism describes the process of incorporating new information into existing mental frameworks?

<p>Assimilation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age range does the Preoperational stage occur in Piaget’s theory?

<p>3-6 years (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is primarily associated with the Sensorimotor stage of development?

<p>Practical intelligence through actions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'conservation' refer to in Piaget’s theory?

<p>The ability to understand that quantities remain the same despite changes in shape (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept best explains the qualitative changes in intelligence that occur across Piaget’s stages?

<p>Reorganization of cognitive structures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which developmental stage do children begin using mental representations to solve problems?

<p>Preoperational (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does self-organized, goal-directed action play in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development?

<p>It serves as a driver of cognitive growth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Social Cognition

Understanding how others think and act. This is crucial for building positive relationships, succeeding in school, and behaving appropriately.

Social Sensitivity in Infants

Infants recognizing their mothers' voices and faces within days, showing awareness of social cues.

Infant Imitation

Young babies mimicking facial expressions, a key part of early social bonding.

Shared Intentionality (9-Month Revolution)

Infants start to understand and engage in activities with others, like playing together with a shared goal.

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Joint Attention

Ability to share focus with others by following each other's gaze or gestures.

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Social Referencing

Using others' emotional expressions and reactions to guide one's own actions.

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Attachment Theory (Bowlby)

Attachment is vital for exploration and learning, providing a safe base for infants to develop.

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Attachment Patterns (Ainsworth)

Different ways infants relate to caregivers, like secure, avoidant, anxious attachment.

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Insecure Avoidant Attachment

A child exhibits little distress when the caregiver leaves and minimal interest upon their return, showing avoidance of interaction.

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Insecure Resistant Attachment

Characterized by a child's ambivalence towards their caregiver's return, displaying both distress and anger.

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Disorganized Attachment

This attachment style is marked by inconsistent and confusing behavior towards the caregiver, often showing fear or apprehension.

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Prosocial Behavior

Actions that benefit others, like helping without reward or providing information, often seen in infants and even chimps.

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Theory of Mind

The understanding that others have their own independent thoughts, feelings, and beliefs, separate from our own.

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9-Month Revolution

A developmental leap where infants begin to understand concepts like perception, attention, and others' goals.

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False Beliefs

The understanding that someone can hold a belief that is incorrect, even if we know the truth, tested with tasks like the 'Sally-Anne' test.

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Declarative Gestures

Gestures that express interest or communicate information, like pointing and gaze alternation, used to share focus with others.

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Habituation/Dishabituation

A method used to study infant cognition. Infants look longer at unexpected changes, showing they've noticed a difference.

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Object Permanence

The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are hidden. Infants develop this concept around 8-12 months.

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Core Knowledge Hypothesis

The idea that infants are born with some innate knowledge systems for reasoning about objects, numbers, and other concepts.

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A-Not-B Error

When infants repeatedly reach for a toy in a familiar location (A) even when they saw it move to a new location (B).

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Cross-Modal Integration

The ability to connect information from different senses, like sight and touch. Young infants can do this!

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Early Number Understanding

Infants can distinguish groups of objects based on quantity, even before they know how to count. They understand simple math concepts.

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Object Individuation

How infants learn to distinguish individual objects. Two systems develop: one based on movements and locations, another on object properties.

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Class Inclusion

Understanding that a category (e.g., 'animals') includes subcategories (e.g., 'dogs' and 'cats'). Preschoolers often struggle with this.

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Perspective-Taking

The ability to understand another person's point of view, even if it differs from your own.

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Procedural Knowledge

Knowing how to do something, often learned through practice and repetition.

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Declarative Knowledge

Knowing facts and information that you can explicitly state.

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Developmental U-Shaped Curve

A pattern of learning where skills initially improve, then decline as new concepts are explored, and finally improve again with greater understanding.

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Ontogeny

The developmental changes that happen from birth to adulthood.

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Phylogeny

The evolutionary history of a species.

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Adaptive Radiation

The rapid diversification of a species into different forms, often in response to new environments.

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Morphogenesis

The process of creating new patterns and structures during development and evolution.

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Piaget's Stages

Four stages of cognitive development: sensorimotor (0-2 years), preoperational (3-6 years), concrete operational (7-11 years), and formal operational (12+ years).

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Operations

Mental actions with logical structures, like understanding that a quantity stays the same even when its appearance changes (conservation).

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Constructivist Theory

Intelligence develops through interaction between innate abilities and the environment. Stages are domain-general, applying across all knowledge areas.

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Conservation Tasks

Tests that assess a child's understanding of the invariant properties of objects, such as the volume of liquid or number of items, regardless of changes in appearance.

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Assimilation

Integrating new information into existing mental frameworks.

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Accommodation

Adjusting existing mental frameworks to fit new information that doesn't fit the existing scheme.

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Qualitative Changes in Intelligence

Intelligence changes at each stage, becoming more complex and capable of reasoning about increasingly challenging concepts.

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Sensorimotor Stages (1-6)

Six stages (0-24 months) of cognitive development, progressing from reflex-based actions to intentional problem-solving.

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Vervet Monkey Calls

Specific alarm calls made by vervet monkeys to signal different predators (e.g., leopards, snakes). These calls are considered 'word-like' due to their clear meaning.

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Pre-linguistic Vocalizations

The earliest sounds infants make, including coos and gurgles, before they start to babble or speak actual words.

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Babbling

A stage in language development where infants produce sounds that resemble speech but don't have meaning yet.

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First Words

The first meaningful words a child learns and uses, often around 1 year old.

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Vocabulary Spurt

A rapid period of vocabulary growth that occurs around 18 months of age, when children start to learn new words quickly.

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Grammar Mastery

The ability to understand and use the rules of grammar correctly, typically achieved by around 5 years old.

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Study Notes

Social Development in Infants

  • Predicts success in relationships, education, and behavior, driven by empathy, perspective-taking, and cooperation
  • Humans are born helpless, relying on social bonds for survival
  • Babies have "baby features" (large heads, round cheeks) eliciting caregiver responses
  • Infants recognize their mother's voice within 2-3 days of birth
  • Prenatal learning enables recognition of sounds and stories
  • Infants prefer faces over other stimuli
  • Infants recognize their mother's face after 5.5 hours of exposure
  • Prefer direct gaze and happy expressions
  • Infants mimic facial expressions, aiding in social bonding
  • Infants show shared intentionality and imitation
  • Social skills develop between 9–14 months, including joint attention, social referencing, and early cooperation

Attachment Theories

  • Freud's Drive-Reduction Theory: Attachment arises from satisfying biological drives
  • Bowlby's Ethological Theory: Attachment provides a secure base for exploration and learning
  • Harlow's Studies: Baby monkeys preferred comfort over food, supporting Bowlby's theory
  • Secure Attachment: Exploration and seeking comfort
  • Insecure Avoidant: Minimal distress or interest in caregiver
  • Insecure Resistant: Ambivalence towards caregiver's return
  • Disorganized: Dazed and apprehensive responses
  • Prosocial behavior, seen as early as 12–18 months, involves helping others and providing information
  • Chimpanzees also show altruism and cooperative behaviors
  • Disrupted attachment leads to social and emotional impairments
  • Secure attachment is essential for exploration, relational development

Theory of Mind

  • Attribution of mental states (perceptions, intentions, desires, emotions, thoughts, knowledge, beliefs) to oneself and others
  • Enables explanation and prediction of behavior based on inferred mental states
  • Nine-month revolution, enabling infants understandings of perception, attention, and goals
  • Newborns display emotional contagion
  • Infants show concern for and attempt to comfort distressed others
  • Eighteen-month-olds grasp that others' desires might differ

Nonverbal Communication

  • Intentional communication begins between 9-10 months (sometimes as early as 6 months)
  • Eye contact and gaze alternation are important indicators
  • Gestures, including dyadic (non-referential), triadic (referential), imperative, declarative, and iconic, develop differently
  • Chimpanzees use complex gestural communication, but lack declarative gestures seen in humans
  • Vervet monkeys demonstrate primitive "word-like" meaning with referential calls

Language Acquisition

  • Pre-linguistic vocalizations (coos, gurgles) occur during early months
  • Babbling develops around 6 months, without meaning
  • First words occur around 1 year, often in holophrases
  • Vocabulary spurt occurs around 18 months with rapid word acquisition
  • Grammar mastery is reached by 5 years, children understand adult-like grammar
  • Behaviorist and Nativist theories explain language acquisition
  • Social Interactionist Theory emphasizes language learned through social interaction

Object Permanence and Practical Intelligence

  • Sensorimotor Intelligence: Actions organized into a self-organizing system during the first two years of life focusing on developing understanding of fundamental categories (object, causality, space, time)
  • Object Permanence is developed- understanding that objects exist independently
  • Development stages of objects from 4 months, 6 months, 9 months, 12, and 20 months
  • Cross-cultural and evolutionary perspectives on object permanence
  • Universal stages of human infants reflected in primates

Modern Research on Infant Cognition

  • Limitations of Piaget's methods: underestimating infant understanding
  • Looking-time experiments: infants look longer at unexpected changes or events
  • Habituation/dishabituation paradigm: measure infant attention shifts
  • Baillargeon's research: object permanence tests with infants as young as 3.5 months
  • Core knowledge hypothesis: infants' innate knowledge systems for reasoning about objects
  • A-not-B error theories: possible explanations for working memory limitations

Cross-Modal Integration and Early Number Understanding

  • Infants can link sensory modalities, such as matching felt shapes with visual images
  • Early number understanding, including habituation paradigm in infants to explore number sense.

###Preschool Cognition

  • Reassessing Piaget's tasks, such as using playful scenarios to improve task performances
  • Class inclusion: grouping terms (e.g., "family of sheep")
  • Perspective-taking, better understood with practical scenarios, not formal tests
  • Procedural (implicit) knowledge precedes explicit knowledge, with example of balancing blocks leading to rule-based understanding

Evolution and Development

  • Development vs Evolution- distinction between biological growth through adaptation, and species diversifying over time
  • Developmental-Evolutionary Interconnections- prolonged infancy suggests evolutionary advantages
  • Mechanisms of Evolution: Darwinian Natural Selection and Adaptive Radiation
  • EvoDevo in artificial intelligence and Morphosgenesis

Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development

  • Piaget's stages of cognitive development- Sensorimotor (0-2 years), Preoperational (3-6 years), Concrete Operational (7-11 years), and Formal Operational (12+ years)
  • Key concepts include Operations (mental activities with logical structures), and Constructivist Theory.
  • conservation tasks are important parts of this stage

Sensorimotor Stages and Early Development

  • Sensorimotor stages, from reflexes to intentional problem-solving
  • Differentiation and coordination of schemas through assimilation and accommodation in infants
  • Developmental sequences, like grasping, looking, and object manipulation, highlight sensorimotor intelligence
  • Practical problem-solving and evolution of tool use
  • Piaget's emphasis on goal-directed actions as drivers of cognitive growth, along with Gestalt and Behaviorist theories

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Explore the fascinating world of social development in infants and attachment theories. This quiz delves into key concepts such as empathy, perspective-taking, and the characteristics of attachment through the lens of prominent theorists like Freud and Bowlby. Test your knowledge of how these foundational elements shape relational success and behavior in early childhood.

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