Social-Cognitive Approach to Psychology
30 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is a characteristic symptom of Major Depression?

  • Hallucinations and delusions
  • Persistent sadness and worthlessness (correct)
  • Hyperactivity and impulsiveness
  • Elevated mood and increased energy

    • Which neurotransmitters are primarily linked to Major Depression?

  • Acetylcholine and endorphins
  • Dopamine and GABA
  • Adrenaline and glutamate
  • Serotonin and norepinephrine (correct)

    • Which personality disorder is characterized by emotional instability?

  • Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
  • Narcissistic Personality Disorder
  • Borderline Personality Disorder (correct)
  • Antisocial Personality Disorder

    • What is a major criticism of projective tests in personality assessment?

    <p>Subjectivity in interpretation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the psychodynamic approach, which component is responsible for moral conscience?

    <p>Superego</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)?

    <p>Identifying and changing distorted thoughts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common defense mechanism in psychodynamic theory?

    <p>Displacement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary aim of the Big Five personality dimensions?

    <p>To identify and measure individual differences in personality traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of therapy focuses primarily on behavior change?

    <p>Behavior Therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mood stabilizer is primarily used for treating bipolar disorder?

    <p>Lithium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?

    <p>Persistent worry and tension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Diathesis-Stress Model of psychological disorders, what does 'diathesis' refer to?

    <p>A predisposition to develop a disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications is primarily used to treat anxiety disorders?

    <p>Antianxiety drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant focus of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)?

    <p>Identifying and changing faulty thinking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the correspondence bias, individuals are likely to attribute others' behaviors to what?

    <p>Dispositional traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is commonly associated with schizophrenia?

    <p>Auditory hallucinations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of therapy emphasizes awareness and the present moment?

    <p>Gestalt Therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'comorbidity' refer to in psychological disorders?

    <p>Co-occurrence of two or more disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic symptom of autism?

    <p>Impaired social interaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common misconception is often described by the actor-observer effect?

    <p>Situational factors influence behavior only for others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Self-Serving Bias refer to in the context of self-perception?

    <p>The inclination to attribute personal achievements to one's own efforts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the social-cognitive approach refers to the belief that external forces determine the outcomes of one's life?

    <p>External Locus of Control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of the Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis?

    <p>Aggression occurs when an individual's goals are obstructed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of attraction, why are women generally more selective than men?

    <p>Due to the reproductive costs associated with nurturing offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon is described by the term 'diffusion of responsibility' in group dynamics?

    <p>Reduced likelihood of individual action when in a group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of love is characterized by deep affection and emotional intimacy?

    <p>Companionate Love</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents a key finding from Asch's Line Study regarding social influence?

    <p>75% of participants conformed to incorrect answers at least once.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the concept of altruism describe in social psychology?

    <p>Helping others selflessly without expecting anything in return.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes systematic persuasion?

    <p>Using logical arguments to convince someone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these statements is true about deindividuation in group settings?

    <p>It can result in individuals behaving contrary to their personal values.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Social-Cognitive Approach

    • Emphasizes interaction between personal factors (beliefs, goals) and social environment.
    • Person-situation controversy: Debate on whether personality or situation drives behavior. Personality consistency is seen in stable situations and across time.
    • Locus of control:
      • Internal: Belief in self-control over destiny. Positively correlated with health, achievement, and proactive behavior.
      • External: Belief external forces (luck, fate) control destiny. Linked to helplessness and reliance on external factors.
    • Self-concept: Organized thoughts and beliefs about oneself.
      • Self-narratives: Stories about personal experiences.
      • Traits: Stable characteristics.
      • Self-verification: Desire to confirm self-concept through others.
    • Self-esteem: Overall evaluation of self-worth. High self-esteem correlates with better mental health, resilience, and life satisfaction.
    • Self-serving bias: Attributing successes to oneself and failures to external factors.
    • Narcissism: Excessive self-focus and sense of entitlement.

    Social Psychology

    • Study of how people think, feel, and behave in social contexts.
    • Aggression:
      • Frustration-aggression hypothesis: Aggression arises from blocked goals.
      • Gender differences: Men are more prone to physical aggression; women more often to relational aggression.
    • Group dynamics:
      • Deindividuation: Reduced self-awareness in groups, leading to impulsive actions.
      • Diffusion of responsibility: Reduced individual accountability in groups.
    • Altruism: Selfless helping of others.
      • Kin selection: Favoring relatives in altruistic acts.
      • Reciprocal altruism: Helping with expectation of future help.
    • Attraction:
      • Influences include proximity, physical beauty, and similarity.
      • Universally attractive traits: Symmetry, youthfulness, health.
    • Love:
      • Passionate: Intense, short-lived attraction.
      • Companionate: Deep affection, long-term commitment.
    • Social influence:
      • Norms: Acceptable standards of behavior.
      • Conformity (Asch): 75% conformed at least once to group pressure.
      • Obedience (Milgram): 65% delivered maximum shock, demonstrating authority's power.
    • Attitudes and persuasion:
      • Systematic: Based on evidence and logic.
      • Heuristic: Based on superficial cues.
      • Cognitive dissonance: Tension from conflicting beliefs or behaviors.

    Psychological Disorders

    • Disturbances in behavior, thought, or emotion causing distress or impairment.

    • Medical model: Disorders as physical diseases with biological bases.

    • DSM-V: Diagnostic tool for mental disorders.

    • Comorbidity: Simultaneous occurrence of two or more disorders.

    • Diathesis-stress model: Disorders from predisposition and triggering stress.

    • Anxiety disorders:

      • Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD): Persistent worry and tension.
      • Phobias: Intense fear of specific objects/situations.
        • Specific phobia: Fear of specific objects/situations.
        • Social phobia: Fear of social scrutiny.
      • Preparedness theory: Phobias might be rooted in evolutionary adaptations.
      • Panic disorder: Sudden intense episodes of fear, often with agoraphobia.
      • Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): Obsessions (intrusive thoughts) and compulsions (ritualistic behaviors).

    • Mood disorders:

      • Major depression: Persistent sadness, worthlessness, and loss of interest.
        • Linked to low serotonin and norepinephrine levels.
      • Seasonal affective disorder (SAD): Seasonal pattern of depression.
      • Bipolar disorder: Alternating episodes of mania (elevated mood) and depression.
        • Treatments include mood stabilizers such as lithium and valproate.

    • Schizophrenia:

      • Symptoms: Delusions, hallucinations (auditory most common), disorganized speech, negative symptoms.
      • Causes: Genetic predisposition, dopamine dysregulation, brain structure changes.
      • Treatments: Antipsychotic medications (e.g., haloperidol, clozapine).

    • Other disorders:

      • Autism spectrum disorder (ASD): Impaired communication and social interaction, repetitive behaviors.
      • Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Inattention, hyperactivity, impulsiveness.
      • Personality disorders: Maladaptive patterns of behaviors (e.g., antisocial, borderline, narcissistic).

    Treatment

    • Types of therapists:

      • Psychologists: Focus on therapy.
      • Psychiatrists: Medical doctors who can prescribe medication.

    • Psychotherapy: Various types of therapy.

      • Eclectic therapy: Combining various therapeutic approaches.
      • Psychodynamic therapy: Unconscious conflicts, free association, transference.
      • Behavior therapy: Changing learned behaviors (e.g., token economies, exposure therapy).
      • Cognitive therapy: Identifying and changing distorted thoughts.
      • Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT): Combining cognitive and behavioral techniques; highly effective for anxiety and depression.
      • Humanistic therapy:
        • Person-centered therapy: Empathy and unconditional positive regard.
        • Gestalt therapy: Emphasizing awareness and self-responsibility.
      • Group therapy: Provides support, may lack individual focus.

    • Medications:

      • Antipsychotics: Treat schizophrenia; some examples include haloperidol (typical) and clozapine, risperidone (atypical).
      • Antianxiety drugs: Benzodiazepines like diazepam, enhancing GABA activity.
      • Antidepressants: Boost serotonin/norepinephrine; examples include SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) like fluoxetine, and SNRIs (serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors) like duloxetine.
      • Mood stabilizers: Lithium, treat bipolar disorder.

    • Other treatments:

      • Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT): For severe depression, a last resort.
      • Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS): Non-invasive brain stimulation.
      • Psychosurgery: Rarely used, alters brain structures.

    Measuring Personality

    • Self-report: Individuals answer questions about themselves.
    • MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory): Widely used self-report test; assesses psychological disorders and personality traits.
    • Validity scales: Detect dishonesty, exaggeration, and inconsistency in responses (e.g., Lie Scale, Infrequency Scale).
    • Projective tests: Interpretation of ambiguous stimuli reveals unconscious motivations and traits.
    • Rorschach Inkblot Test: Interpretation of inkblots.
    • Thematic Apperception Test (TAT): Story creation based on ambiguous pictures.

    Trait Approach

    • Trait: Consistent and stable characteristic influencing behavior across situations.
    • Big Five Personality Dimensions:
      • Openness to experience: Creativity, curiosity, willingness to try new things.
      • Conscientiousness: Organization, responsibility, dependability.
      • Extraversion: Sociability, energy, assertiveness.
      • Agreeableness: Trust, altruism, compassion.
      • Neuroticism: Emotional stability, anxiety levels.
    • Twin studies: Research shows significant genetic component influencing personality traits.

    Psychodynamic Approach

    • Proposes personality from unconscious processes, shaped by childhood experiences and internal conflicts.
    • Key components:
      • Id: Basic instinctual drives (pleasure principle).
      • Ego: Rational mediator (reality principle).
      • Superego: Moral conscience.
    • Defense mechanisms: Reduce anxiety by distorting reality. Examples: rationalization, reaction formation, projection, regression, displacement, identification, sublimation.
    • Psychosexual stages: Stages of development influenced by erogenous zones, with fixation potentially affecting personality.

    Humanistic-Existential Approach

    • Humanistic perspective: Emphasizes personal growth and self-actualization.
      • Self-actualizing tendency: Drive to fulfill potential.
      • Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: Pyramid of basic needs (physiological, safety, belonging, esteem) progressing to self-actualization.
      • Flow: State of full immersion in an activity.
    • Existential perspective: Focuses on individual freedom, choice, and meaning-seeking.
      • Acknowledges anxiety from awareness of mortality and responsibility.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    Explore the nuances of the social-cognitive approach in psychology. This quiz covers key concepts such as locus of control, self-concept, self-esteem, and the person-situation controversy. Test your understanding of how personal beliefs and social influences shape behavior.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser