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Questions and Answers
What is the main emphasis of the Social Cognitive approach?
What is the main emphasis of the Social Cognitive approach?
Who is the founder of social cognitive theory?
Who is the founder of social cognitive theory?
What is the core concept of social cognitive theory?
What is the core concept of social cognitive theory?
What is the role of self-efficacy in social cognitive theory?
What is the role of self-efficacy in social cognitive theory?
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What is behaviour outcome expectancy?
What is behaviour outcome expectancy?
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What is required for learning to result in a change in behaviour?
What is required for learning to result in a change in behaviour?
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What is social cognitive theory a blend of?
What is social cognitive theory a blend of?
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What does social cognitive theory focus on?
What does social cognitive theory focus on?
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What is a schema in the context of psychology?
What is a schema in the context of psychology?
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What happens when a schema reaches threshold?
What happens when a schema reaches threshold?
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What is a primed schema?
What is a primed schema?
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What components might a schema include?
What components might a schema include?
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What can be thought of as a group of nodes with associative links in a neural network?
What can be thought of as a group of nodes with associative links in a neural network?
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What is the influence of a primed schema on behavior?
What is the influence of a primed schema on behavior?
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What is the primary function of schemas according to the given information?
What is the primary function of schemas according to the given information?
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What is the influence of schemas on our experiences?
What is the influence of schemas on our experiences?
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What is the term used by Jeffrey Young to describe maladaptive schemas?
What is the term used by Jeffrey Young to describe maladaptive schemas?
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According to Jeffrey Young, what is the primary origin of Early Maladaptive Schemas?
According to Jeffrey Young, what is the primary origin of Early Maladaptive Schemas?
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What is an Abandonment schema characterised by?
What is an Abandonment schema characterised by?
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What is a Mistrust/Abuse schema characterised by?
What is a Mistrust/Abuse schema characterised by?
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What is an Emotional Deprivation schema characterised by?
What is an Emotional Deprivation schema characterised by?
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How many types of maladaptive schemas does Jeffrey Young suggest?
How many types of maladaptive schemas does Jeffrey Young suggest?
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Study Notes
Social Cognitive Approach
- Emphasizes rational thought, but also investigates non-conscious and automatic processes.
- Involves many models, including the General Aggression Model (Anderson and Bushman, 2002).
Albert Bandura and Social Cognitive Theory
- Founder of social cognitive theory.
- Core concept: people can learn through observation, imitation, and modelling, even without reinforcement or Pavlovian conditioning.
- Adds a social element to human learning, influenced by factors such as:
- Attention
- Motivation
- Attitudes
- Emotion
- Assumes internal mental states are crucial in this process, including:
- Self-efficacy
- Behaviour outcome expectancy
- Self-efficacy expectancy
Self-Efficacy Expectancy
- The expectancy that one has the capability to carry out a behaviour to reach a desired outcome.
- Predicts:
- Success on task performance
- Attempts to obtain an outcome
Conditions for Learning and Enacting Behaviour
- One must:
- Be paying attention
- Be able to retain the information learned
- Be motivated to initiate the seen behaviour
- Reproduce the seen behaviour, practicing it to become more skilled
Social Cognitive Theory
- A blend of social learning theory and cognitive psychology.
- Focuses on how individuals perceive, recall, think about, and interpret information about themselves and others.
Nancy Cantor and Self-Understanding
- Self-understanding is largely determined by:
- How we conceive ourselves
- How we conceive others
- How we encode social information
- How we interpret social information
- How we remember social information
- Accurate and well-organized schemas lead to a more functional person.
Schemas
- A mental outline or framework of some aspect of experience based on prior experience or memory
- Provides the mental framework through which we see the world and evaluate what is happening
- May include knowledge, beliefs, emotions, memories, and links to other concepts, thoughts, feelings, and emotions
Characteristics of Schemas
- Influence thoughts, feelings, and behavior
- Can be adaptive, assisting with quickly categorizing and dealing with experiences
- Can be maladaptive, biasing the way life events are perceived and prompting inappropriate responses
- Influence is generally out of conscious awareness and is usually automatic
Neural Networks and Schemas
- A schema can be thought of as a group of nodes with associative links that are so strong that the activation of any node/concept will begin to activate the entire schema network
- If enough nodes are activated, the entire schema will 'reach threshold', become fully activated, and influence the person's thoughts, feelings, and behavior
- If some nodes are activated, but the schema does not reach threshold, it is said to be primed, influencing behavior at an implicit level
Early Maladaptive Schemas (EMSs)
- Developed by Jeffrey Young as a basis for therapy for personality disorders
- Assume that certain childhood experiences bias the way we see ourselves and others, and that these biases continue to be elaborated across the life span
- Form part of our stable 'self'
Development of EMSs
- Developed out of an interplay between the child's innate temperament and ongoing noxious experiences of the child with parents, siblings, or peers
- Toxic childhood experiences are the primary origin of Early Maladaptive Schemas
Examples of EMSs
Abandonment Schemas
- Involves the belief that one's closest relationships are unstable or unreliable and thus cannot provide enduring nurturance
- Involves the expectation that significant others are likely to leave, either through death or finding another more worthy
- Developmental origin: Parent or primary caregiver left the house permanently when child was young, parents withdrew or left child alone for extended periods, etc.
Mistrust/Abuse Schemas
- An expectation that others will intentionally (or through unjustified neglect) hurt, abuse, cheat, humiliate, manipulate, or take advantage
- Developmental origin: Physical, sexual abuse, childhood experiences of manipulation, humiliation, betrayal, severe punishment, retaliation, or ostracism within own family
Emotional Deprivation Schemas
- The expectation that one's desire for a normal degree of emotional support will not be met by others
- Developmental origin: Childhood experiences of emotional deprivation, neglect, or abuse
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Description
This quiz covers the social cognitive approach in psychology, its emphasis on rational thought and non-conscious processes, and key models like the General Aggression Model. It also explores the core concept of social cognitive theory, including observational learning and imitation.