Sleep and Dreams Study Notes
98 Questions
4 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary consequence of sleep deprivation on learning abilities?

  • 40% decrease in learning abilities (correct)
  • Increased attention span
  • Improvement in hippocampal function
  • Enhanced memory retention

    • Which brain region is primarily affected by sleep deprivation that is responsible for forming new memories?

  • Thalamus
  • Hippocampus (correct)
  • Prefrontal cortex
  • Amygdala

    • What happens to sleep spindles due to sleep deprivation?

  • They enhance emotional regulation
  • They become more frequent in REM sleep
  • They are completely eliminated
  • They occur less frequently (correct)

    • How does sleep deprivation affect the amygdala's activity?

    <p>It leads to a 60% increase in activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the effect of lack of sleep on emotional stability?

    <p>It disrupts emotional regulation leading to increased reactivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the prefrontal cortex play in relation to the amygdala during sleep deprivation?

    <p>It shuts down, allowing the amygdala to become overactive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What sequence is crucial for the development of human memories?

    <p>Encoding → Consolidation → Recall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of sleep deprivation on the brain's learning capabilities as evidenced by brain scans?

    <p>Reduced brain activity in the hippocampus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines lucidity in the context of dreaming?

    <p>Awareness that one is dreaming during the dream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain shows increased activity during lucid dreaming compared to non-lucid REM sleep?

    <p>Prefrontal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In research involving lucid dreamers, what was used to indicate when a dreamer became lucid?

    <p>Eye movements according to a predefined language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What element of Freud's theory was the foundation for early attempts at dream manipulation?

    <p>Day residue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one outcome concerning the reports from amnesic patients in the study involving video games?

    <p>They showed no signs of recognizing the game but performed keyboard actions appropriately.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does EEG activity indicate about the brain during REM sleep without lucid dreaming?

    <p>Absence of fast electrical brainwave activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary focus of the experiment involving subjects playing Tetris?

    <p>To understand how salient experiences affect hypnagogic dreams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group was found to report the most unique imagery in hypnagogic dreams after playing Tetris?

    <p>Novices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of dreams are described as 'hypnagogic dreams'?

    <p>Vivid sensory experiences during the transition from awake to asleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of dream reports, what did the studies reveal about amnesic patients’ ability to recall dream content?

    <p>They often reported relevant imagery without recalling explicit memories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During lucid dreaming, what does the return of fast electrical brainwave activity in the prefrontal cortex suggest?

    <p>Return of conscious awareness and control over dream content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant finding regarding the brain activity of lucid dreamers during fMRI scans?

    <p>Similar brain activation patterns were seen during wakefulness and dreaming.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What psychiatric disorders are linked to sleep issues?

    <p>Depression, anxiety, PTSD, schizophrenia, and suicide risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does alcohol have on REM sleep?

    <p>Strongly suppresses REM sleep and causes cognitive deficits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does sleep deprivation relate to cognitive function?

    <p>It leads to impairments regardless of alcohol use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likelihood of dreaming during NREM sleep compared to REM sleep?

    <p>NREM sleep dreaming is less common and often less vivid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes Freud's 'Disguised Censorship' theory?

    <p>It involves masking repressed desires to protect the sleeper.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately represents the research findings on alcohol consumption before sleep?

    <p>It fragments sleep and leads to poor memory retention lasting several days.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates REM sleep dreams from those occurring in other sleep stages?

    <p>REM sleep is associated with memory processing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major critique of Freudian dream analysis?

    <p>It lacks scientific testability and is subjective.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines lucid dreaming?

    <p>Being aware of the dream state while dreaming.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of dreaming occurs during REM sleep?

    <p>95%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can result from missing REM sleep?

    <p>Induction of unusually vivid or strange dreams during REM rebound.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of NREM sleep stages?

    <p>Dream likelihood is high.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What neurobiological activity is associated with lucid dreaming?

    <p>Increased electrical activity in the prefrontal cortex.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Freud's significant contribution to the understanding of dreams?

    <p>He proposed that dreams reveal unconscious desires and conflicts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does REM sleep contribute to emotional memory processing?

    <p>It preserves factual details while stripping emotional charge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What brain region's activity was notably reduced after sleep in the sleep group during the fMRI study?

    <p>Amygdala</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary neurochemical affected during REM sleep that contributes to creating a calm environment for processing emotional memories?

    <p>Noradrenaline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes sleep onset insomnia?

    <p>Difficulty falling asleep initially.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of PTSD, what typically disrupts REM sleep leading to intensified emotional memory responses?

    <p>High noradrenaline levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the quality of REM sleep and emotional processing according to recent studies?

    <p>Better quality REM sleep improves the reduction of emotional intensity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do individuals with insomnia often experience excessive brain activity during sleep onset?

    <p>Stress hormones are excessively activated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a hallmark symptom of PTSD related to the processing of traumatic memories during REM sleep?

    <p>Frequent repetitive nightmares.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the general population typically meets the diagnostic criteria for insomnia according to meta-analyses?

    <p>~10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can insomnia be identified according to DSM-5 criteria?

    <p>Difficulty falling asleep lasting over three months.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is implied by the term 'un-restorative sleep' in insomnia patients?

    <p>Sleep that fails to rejuvenate or refresh.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of individuals in clinical care report symptoms of sleep disruption?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological changes accompany insomnia during attempted sleep onset?

    <p>Increased stress chemicals like cortisol.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common trigger for NREM parasomnias?

    <p>Physical activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding nightmares in relation to stress?

    <p>Nightmares can double in frequency during stressful periods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of sleep terrors in adults?

    <p>Inconsolability after the episode</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What behavioral characteristics are associated with confusional arousals?

    <p>Thrashing or inconsolable crying in children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During what stage of sleep does sleepwalking typically occur?

    <p>SWS (Slow Wave Sleep)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which demographic is sleep texting most commonly reported?

    <p>College students</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characteristic of sleep-related eating disorder?

    <p>Episodes occurring during NREM sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes sexsomnia?

    <p>Performing sexual acts while asleep with no memory of them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does age affect NREM parasomnias?

    <p>NREM parasomnias decrease in frequency as one ages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of sleepwalking episodes?

    <p>Complex motor behaviors with no recall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological change is primarily observed in insomnia patients around bedtime?

    <p>Cortisol levels begin to rise again.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a side effect associated with GABA receptor targeting drugs?

    <p>Improved natural sleep quality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main benefit of CBT-I compared to pharmacological treatments for insomnia?

    <p>It has a higher long-term effectiveness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is primarily targeted by sedative hypnotics?

    <p>GABA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom is most often the first to appear in individuals with narcolepsy?

    <p>Excessive daytime sleepiness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is associated with cataplexy in narcolepsy?

    <p>Loss of muscle control triggered by emotions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the prevalence of narcolepsy relate to genetics?

    <p>It is not genetically inherited but related to a mutation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common experience among the general population, not only limited to those with narcolepsy?

    <p>Sleep paralysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically occurs during the transition out of REM sleep in narcolepsy patients?

    <p>Sleep paralysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor is believed to contribute to the symptoms of narcolepsy?

    <p>Loss of orexin-releasing brain cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of pharmacological insomnia treatments poses a safety concern?

    <p>Development of tolerance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of insomnia treatment, what is a major limitation of sedative hypnotics?

    <p>They have limited short-term benefits and problematic side effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does excessive daytime sleepiness in a narcolepsy patient feel similar to?

    <p>The fatigue after staying awake for several days.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between insomnia and stress activity?

    <p>Excessive stress-related activity contributes to insomnia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of Orexin in the brain?

    <p>Stimulating multiple brainstem centers to keep the brain active</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In individuals with narcolepsy, what happens to the Orexin levels?

    <p>There is a significant loss of Orexin brain cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment approach used for excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) in narcolepsy?

    <p>Provigil/Modafinil as a stimulating drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a treatment option for cataplexy associated with narcolepsy?

    <p>Physical therapy to strengthen muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant behavioral change occurs in REM Behavioral Disorder (RBD)?

    <p>Individuals act out dreams due to loss of muscle paralysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers can lead to parasomnias according to the content?

    <p>Sudden activation of the fight or flight system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception regarding the age-related prevalence of parasomnias?

    <p>Children experience a significant increase in SWS, which may explain the prevalence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is associated with REM Behavioral Disorder?

    <p>Acting out violent dreams with movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the precipitating factors in the case of Kenneth James Sparks, who committed homicide during sleepwalking?

    <p>Sleep deprivation, physical exhaustion, and emotional stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of a brainstem mechanism in REM sleep?

    <p>Controls the muscle paralysis that occurs during REM sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of drugs are primarily used to treat symptoms of REM Behavioral Disorder?

    <p>Benzodiazepines, particularly clonazepam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding Orexin's role during the day?

    <p>Orexin is released to maintain brainstem activity and alertness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complication arises from a lack of Orexin in narcolepsy?

    <p>Deactivated brain leading to erratic sleep patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the brainstem during normal wakefulness?

    <p>It stimulates the thalamus for sensory processing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do prion proteins affect the thalamus in fatal familial insomnia?

    <p>They cause the thalamus to malfunction and remain partially open.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sleep is typically associated with sleepwalking?

    <p>Deep NREM sleep (SWS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main neurological feature associated with REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)?

    <p>Loss of normal REM atonia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which sleep stage do dreams tend to become more bizarre and distanced from reality?

    <p>REM sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the hippocampus at the beginning of sleep concerning dreams?

    <p>It facilitates short-term memory formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the dream-lag effect?

    <p>A delay in related dream content following significant experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of dreams are more likely to focus on interpersonal relationships and resolved problems?

    <p>Dreams that occur after several days following an event</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically occurs to dream content as individuals progress through sleep cycles?

    <p>It shifts from detailed memories to emotional and abstract themes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a significant consequence of fatal familial insomnia on behavior?

    <p>Difficulty shutting off external sensory information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a parasomnia?

    <p>Nightmares</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the role of the neocortex in relation to dreams over time?

    <p>It gains activity to process long-term memories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are dreams represented differently in the hippocampus compared to the neocortex?

    <p>Hippocampus captures early dream details, while neocortex integrates emotionally.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of dreams that occur during NREM sleep compared to REM sleep?

    <p>They contain more logical thinking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Sleep and Dreams: Study Notes

    • Dreams occur across all sleep stages, but REM sleep is associated with the most vivid, narrative, hallucinatory dreams.

    • NREM sleep stages have less frequent and less vivid dreams compared to REM sleep.

    Dream Content & Memory Consolidation

    • Dreams can draw from episodic memory sources and sometimes full episodic memories.

    • Researchers find dream content changes over time. Early dreams reflect raw memory details (hippocampus), while later dreams involve emotional processing and integration with other memories (neocortex) by the neocortex.

    • The "dream-lag effect" demonstrates a delay between experiencing an event and it appearing in subsequent dreams. Dreams after a few days tend to involve interpersonal relationships, problem resolution, and positive emotions.

    Stress and Nightmares

    • Nightmares are common, more frequent in younger adults.

    • Stressful events substantially increase nightmare frequency and intensity, usually for those closer to the event.

    Parasomnias: Study Notes

    • Parasomnias are sleep disorders that occur alongside sleep. They increase in childhood, decrease with age, and are often triggered by stress.

    • NREM Parasomnias (SWS):

      • Confusional Arousals: A person acts in a confused way upon waking.
      • Sleepwalking (Somnambulism): Complex, often repetitive motor behaviors, initiate during SWS.
      • Sleep Terrors: Involve screaming, panic, or active behavior.
      • Sleep-related Eating Disorder: Eating, drinking or preparing food out-of-control, with no memory.
      • Sleep Texting: Use of mobile phones while asleep with no memory.
      • Sexsomnia (Parasomnia): Engaging in sexual behaviors while asleep and lack of memory.

    • REM Behavior Disorder (RBD): Loss of muscle paralysis during REM, leading to dream enactment, often violent. It's a strong predictor of Parkinson's disease.

    Fatal Familial Insomnia (FFI)

    • FFI is a genetically inherited disease leading to thalamus degeneration.

    • The thalamus, acting as a gatekeeper for sensory information, remains partially open during sleep in FFI patients causing them to never fully shut off or fall asleep.

    Insomnia : Study Notes

    • Insomnia is characterized by difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep.

    • Prevalence ~10% of population meet criteria, ~35% have disturbed sleep.

    • Types:

      • Sleep onset insomnia
      • Sleep maintenance insomnia
      • Un-restorative sleep

    • Biological changes: Insomniacs show: excessive brain alertness activity in the brainstem, amygdala, and hippocampus during attempted sleep onset, and elevated cortisol levels (especially at bedtime and/or night).

    • Treatment: CBT-I (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia) is more effective in the long term than medications (sedative hypnotics).

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    Explore the fascinating world of sleep and dreams with this quiz based on the study notes. Learn about the differences between REM and NREM sleep, how dreams relate to memory consolidation, and the impact of stress on nightmares. Test your understanding of these crucial concepts in sleep science.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser