52 Questions
What is the mainstay approach for skin lightening?
Skin whitening agents
Which skin disorder results in symmetrical, blotchy, brownish facial pigmentation?
Melasma
Which of the following is NOT a commonly used whitening agent?
Retinoic acid
What skin condition can lead to considerable embarrassment and distress?
Melasma
What is the primary cause of freckles?
Genetics and sun exposure
How do freckles tend to appear on the skin?
After sun exposure
Are freckles harmful to the skin?
No, they are harmless and do not need treatment
Why do skin cells produce extra melanin leading to the appearance of freckles?
To protect the skin from sun damage
What is the characteristic color of actinic lentigines?
Brown
Who is most likely to develop actinic lentigines?
Elderly individuals
What is another common name for actinic lentigines?
Age spot
What is the nature of actinic lentigines in terms of harm to the skin?
Benign
What is the primary mechanism of action of hydroquinone in inhibiting melanin production?
Inhibition of tyrosinase enzyme
What are the anatomic consequences of hydroquinone action on black guinea pig skin?
Disturbed melanosome structure and potential degradation of melanocytes
What is the ultimate effect of prolonged hydroquinone exposure on melanocytes?
Degradation
What is the impact of hydroquinone exposure on keratinocytes?
No apparent injury
What is a chronic disfiguring condition that can result from prolonged use of high concentrations of hydroquinone?
Hydroquinone-induced ochronosis
What are the adverse reactions associated with hydroquinone use?
PIH and irritant dermatitis
What are the acute complications associated with hydroquinone use?
Hypopigmentation and nail discoloration
What happens to the changes in the skin caused by hydroquinone use when the treatment is stopped?
They resolve temporarily
What is the primary function of Mequinol 4-Hydroxyanisole?
Inhibiting Tyrosinase
What concentration is Mequinol 4-Hydroxyanisole typically used in?
3-5%
Which treatment is considered safe and effective in dark skin types when compared to hydroquinone?
Mequinol 4-Hydroxyanisole in combination with tretinoin
What is the benefit-risk ratio of Mequinol 4-Hydroxyanisole compared to hydroquinone?
Favorable
Which of the following is a characteristic of Arbutin?
Inhibits Tyrosinase activity
What is the primary source of Deoxy-Arbutin?
Synthetic production
What is the impact of higher concentrations of Arbutin on skin pigmentation?
Enhanced skin lightening
Which of the following is a synthetic glycosylated hydroquinone?
Mequinol
What is the primary source of Azelaic Acid?
Pityrosporum ovale
What are the main side effects associated with Azelaic Acid use?
Pruritus, erythema, scaling, and irritation
In what concentrations is Azelaic Acid commonly used?
15-20%
When combined with glycolic acid in 15-20% concentrations, how does Azelaic Acid compare to 4% Hydroquinone in treating PIH and melasma?
As efficacious as 4% Hydroquinone
What is another name for Niacinamide?
Nicotinamide
What is Niacinamide often used to help manage?
Hyperpigmentation caused by UV exposure
What concentrations are commonly used for Niacinamide?
2-5%
What is the other major form of vitamin B3 found in supplements?
Nicotinic acid
What is the precursor to Hyaluronic acid?
N-Acetyl Glucosamine
Which ingredient is used in 2% concentration alone or in combination with niacinamide?
N-Acetyl Glucosamine
What is known to inhibit tyrosinase glycosylation?
N-Acetyl Glucosamine
Which ingredient is safe and efficacious in the treatment of hyperpigmentation secondary to sun exposure?
N-Acetyl Glucosamine
What is the primary function of Kojic acid in skin care products?
To suppress free tyrosinase
In which country has Kojic acid been increasingly used as a skin-lightening agent in skin care products since 1988?
Japan
What is the maximum concentration allowed for Kojic acid in non-prescription skin care products in Japan?
1%
What has been studied due to the intensive use of Kojic acid in foods in some countries?
Its oral safety
How does topical Vitamin C lighten the skin?
By reducing the amount of melanin produced by pigment skin cells
What is the primary enzyme that topical vitamin C interacts with to reduce pigmentation?
Tyrosinase
Which of the following skin conditions can topical vitamin C effectively address?
Dark spots and melasma
What is the effect of topical Vitamin C on the amount of melanin produced by pigment skin cells?
It significantly reduces melanin production
Which of the following botanicals is known for its inhibitory effect on tyrosinase?
Mulberry extract
What is the primary function of Niacinamide in skin care products?
Enhancing collagen production
Which of the following ingredients is commonly used in a 2% concentration alone or in combination with niacinamide?
Arbutin
What is the main source of Polyphenols in skin care products?
Yeast derivatives
Test your knowledge of therapeutic interventions for skin hyperpigmentation, including whitening agents, chemical peels, lasers, and physical methods. Explore the treatment options for abnormal hyperpigmentation skin conditions such as melasma, freckles, and actinic lentigines.
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