30 Questions
What is the purpose of forced diuresis?
To promote elimination of barbiturates through urine
Which diuretic is typically used in forced diuresis?
Mannitol
What is the initial dose of mannitol in forced diuresis?
100-120ml of 25% solution
Which method is NOT more effective than forced diuresis in promoting barbiturate elimination?
Peritoneal dialysis
When is hemodialysis specially indicated for barbiturate elimination?
In patients with contraindications to peritoneal dialysis
What is considered an average urine volume for satisfactory diuresis in 24 hours?
10-12 liters
What is a common symptom seen in stage III of opium poisoning?
Dilated pupils
Which of the following is NOT a typical sign of opium poisoning?
High blood pressure
What test can be used to detect opium poisoning?
Marquis Test
Which chemical compound group is commonly used in insecticides and nerve gases?
Organophosphates
What color change indicates a positive result in the Marquis Test for opium poisoning?
Blue
Which of the following does NOT belong to the group of organophosphates?
Morphine
What is the main cause of cells becoming neoplastic according to the monoclonal hypothesis genetic theory?
Mutation in DNA
Why do immune-competent hosts mount an attack on developing tumor cells?
To prevent cancer formation
In which group of individuals is there a high incidence of cancer according to the text?
Immunodeficient individuals
Why do most cancers occur more frequently in old age according to the text?
Due to reduced immune response
What type of response by lymphocytes and plasma cells indicates a better prognosis for certain tumors?
Stromal infiltration
How can cell surface markers be used in haematopoietic malignancies?
To identify monoclonal origin
Which gene is responsible for the detection and repair of DNA damage?
p53 gene
In Xeroderma pigmentosa, what happens to cancer cells over time?
They acquire more mutations and heterogeneity
What is the term used to describe the tendency of cancer cells to spread to distant sites?
Metastasis
According to the multistep theory, what are the sequential steps of abnormalities in a target cell leading to cancer?
Initiation, promotion, progression
What happens if the system of DNA repair is defective due to mutator genes?
Unrepaired DNA defects are passed on to the next generation of cells
What attribute of cancer cells makes them refractory to hormonal influences?
Heterogeneity
What is the primary skin pigment that absorbs a broad range of radiation from UVB through the visible spectrum?
Melanin
Which amino acid is mentioned in the text as a component of skin chromophores that absorbs light in the UVB range?
Tryptophan
What is a well-known cause of hyperpigmentation resulting from exposure to phototoxic agents according to the text?
Coumarin derivatives
In acne, what typically causes the enlargement of the gland in the pilosebaceous units?
Blockage of sebaceous duct
What type of allergic response does a photoallergen elicit by forming a complete antigen upon absorbing ultraviolet or visible light?
Type IV hypersensitivity reaction
Which element listed below is NOT mentioned in the text as a cause of hyperpigmentation from exposure to phototoxic agents?
Mercury
Test your knowledge on skin pigment melanin synthesis, absorption of radiation, and factors leading to hyperpigmentation. Learn about the role of chromophores like amino acids in absorbing light in the skin.
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