Skeletal System

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False

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<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

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<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Complete fracture = Bone broken all the way through Incomplete fracture = Not broken all the way through Simple (closed) fracture = A complete fracture that does not penetrate through the surface of skin Compound (open) fracture = A complete fracture that breaks through the surface of the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fracture hematoma = First step in fracture repair Fibrocartilaginous callus = Second step in fracture repair Bony callus = Third step in fracture repair Bone remodeling = Fourth step in fracture repair</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>9-11mg/ 100ml blood = Normal blood calcium levels Above 11mg/ 100ml blood = Hypercalcemia Below 9mg/ 100ml blood = Hypocalcemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calcitonin = Decrease blood calcium levels Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) = Increase blood calcium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulating osteoblast activity = Calcitonin Decrease osteoclast activity = Calcitonin Stimulating osteoclast cell activity = Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Stimulates calcium absorption from the gut = Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Long Bones = Greater length than width, typically have a middle shaft region with two expanded ends Short Bones = Somewhat cubed shape, nearly equal in length and width. Include wrist and ankle bones Sesamoid Bones = A type of short bone that develop in tendons. Vary in number. Include patella and bones in tendons of hand and foot Flat Bones = Thin, flattened bones that are usually curve. Includes scapula, ribs, hip bones and most cranial bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diaphysis = Shaft region of a bone Epiphysis = Expanded end regions (plural: epiphyses) Articular Cartilage = Layer of hyaline cartilage on the outside of the ends of the epiphyses. Acts to decrease friction and shock absorption Periosteum = Fibrous, vascular bone covering</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Axial Skeleton = Bones in the long axis of the body. Includes bones of skull, vertebral column and bony thorax (rib cage) Appendicular Skeleton = Bones of the upper and lower limbs as well as the bones that connect them to the axial skeleton (girdles) Irregular Bones = Complex shapes that do not fit any of the other types. Include vertebrae, some facial bones Sutural Bones = Develop within joints of the cranium. Vary in number</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Support = Arches of feet, vertebral column, pelvis Protection = Skull, ribs, pelvis Lever for Movement = Act as levers for movement Hormone Production = Osteocalcin (see pg. 176)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Long Bones = Greater width than length Flat Bones = Thin, flattened, and usually curved Short Bones = Nearly equal in length and width Sesamoid Bones = Develop in tendons and include the patella</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diaphysis = Provides support and strength to the bone Epiphysis = Provides a large surface area for muscle attachment Articular Cartilage = Acts to decrease friction and shock absorption Periosteum = Protects the bone, assists in fracture repair, and serves as an attachment point for tendons and ligaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Axial Skeleton = Includes bones of the skull, vertebral column, and bony thorax Appendicular Skeleton = Includes bones of the upper and lower limbs Irregular Bones = Have complex shapes that do not fit any other bone classification Sutural Bones = Develop within joints of the cranium</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Support = Provides a framework that supports the body and cradles soft organs Protection = Protects the brain, spinal cord, and vital organs Hemopoiesis = Production of blood cells Mineral Storage and Homeostasis = Stores minerals such as calcium and phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Long Bones = Humerus, Femur Short Bones = Wrist and Ankle Bones Sesamoid Bones = Patella and Bones in Tendons of Hand and Foot Flat Bones = Scapula, Ribs, Hip Bones and Most Cranial Bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diaphysis = The shaft region of a bone, composed of compact bone Epiphysis = The ends of long bones, composed mostly of spongy bone Articular Cartilage = Covers the external surface of the epiphyses, made of hyaline cartilage Periosteum = A white, double-layered membrane that covers the external surface of the entire bone, except for the joint surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osteoprogenitor cells = Stem cells found in periosteum and endosteum Osteoblasts = Bone forming cells that release matrix Osteocytes = Mature bone maintenance cells that maintain calcium homeostasis Osteoclasts = Giant multinucleated cells that reabsorb bone matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Long bones = Greater length than width, with a middle shaft region and two expanded ends Short bones = Nearly equal in length and width, such as wrist and ankle bones Flat bones = Thin, flattened, and usually curved, such as scapula and hip bones Irregular bones = Complex shapes that do not fit any other bone classification</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intramembranous Ossification = Bone develops between membranes, as in the case of flat bones Endochondral Ossification = Bone develops within hyaline cartilage Primary ossification center = Develops in the middle of the hyaline cartilage model Secondary ossification center = Begins at the ends of the hyaline cartilage model</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Periosteum = Fibrous, vascular bone covering that functions include attachment sites for tendons and ligaments Medullary cavity = Cavity in diaphysis containing yellow bone marrow Compact bone = Outer external bone tissue that resists compression and bending forces Spongy bone = Irregular bony plates found underneath the compact bone and reduces weight of skeleton</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Support = One of the skeletal system's functions that provides framework for the body Protection = One of the skeletal system's functions that protects vital organs Levers for movement = One of the skeletal system's functions that works with muscles to allow movement Hormone production = One of the skeletal system's functions that involves the production of osteocalcin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osteoid = Organic portion of matrix, made of type I collagen fibers and gel-like ground substance Mineral Salt (hydroxyapatites) = Inorganic portion of matrix, tightly packed needle-like calcium phosphate crystals Osteon = A basic structural unit of compact bone, made of concentric rings of lamellae Lacunae = Small spaces between the lamellae that contain osteocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nutrition = Vitamin A, C, and D are needed for bone health Physical/ Mechanical Stress = Stimulates osteoblast activity and bone growth Thyroid Hormones = Excessive amounts can cause premature ossification Sex Hormones = Gonad produced hormones that stimulate growth and ossification</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Greenstick fracture = An incomplete fracture that starts out transverse Comminuted fracture = A complete fracture with many fracture pieces Compound fracture = A complete fracture that breaks through the surface of the skin Simple fracture = A complete fracture that does not penetrate through the surface of the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Yellow bone marrow = Fat (energy) storage in adults Red bone marrow = Where hemopoiesis occurs, found in the spaces between trabeculae of spongy bone Hemopoiesis = The production of blood cells Trabeculae = Irregular bony plates found in spongy bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fracture hematoma = The first step in fracture repair, involves the formation of a blood clot Fibrocartilaginous callus = The second step in fracture repair, involves the formation of a soft callus Bony callus = The third step in fracture repair, involves the formation of a hard callus Bone remodeling = The fourth step in fracture repair, involves the reshaping of the bone</p> Signup and view all the answers