Biology Chapter 5: The Skeletal System

Study Notes

Axial vs. Appendicular Skeleton

Axial skeleton forms the central axis of the body, including the skull, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum.
Appendicular skeleton includes the limbs and girdles, enabling mobility and manipulation of the environment.

Functions of Bones

Provide structural support for the body.
Protect vital organs such as the heart, lungs, and brain.
Facilitate movement by serving as levers for muscles.
Store minerals like calcium and phosphorus for metabolic functions.
Participate in the formation of blood cells within bone marrow.

Spongy vs. Compact Bone

Compact bone is dense and forms the outer layer of the bone, providing strength and support.
Spongy bone is lighter and found at the ends of long bones and in the interiors of others, containing red marrow for blood cell production.

Shapes and Sizes of Bones

Long bones (e.g., femur) contribute to leverage and movement.
Short bones (e.g., carpals) provide stability and support.
Flat bones (e.g., skull) protect internal organs and offer surface for muscle attachment.
Irregular bones (e.g., vertebrae) fulfill various functions, including protection and support.

Parts of a Long Bone

Diaphysis (shaft) provides length and structure, containing medullary cavity for fat storage.
Epiphyses (ends) allow for articulation at joints and house spongy bone.
Periosteum is a protective layer facilitating attachment of muscles and tendons.

Changes in Skeleton Throughout Life

Bone density typically increases during growth and peaks in early adulthood.
Bones can become more brittle with age, resulting in a higher risk of fractures.
Hormonal changes affect bone remodeling, particularly during menopause in females.

Types of Vertebrae

Cervical vertebrae support the neck and allow head movement.
Thoracic vertebrae articulate with ribs, providing stability for the chest.
Lumbar vertebrae are larger and support the lower back, bearing more weight.

True vs. False Bones

True bones directly connect to the sternum, such as the first seven pairs of ribs.
False bones do not attach directly to the sternum and include the remaining ribs.

Male vs. Female Pelvic Girdles

Male pelvis is narrower and more robust for bipedal locomotion.
Female pelvis is broader and has a wider pelvic inlet for childbirth.

Common Types of Bone Fractures

Simple fracture involves a break without skin penetration.
Compound fracture breaks through the skin, increasing risk of infection.
Comminuted fracture results in multiple bone fragments, usually due to high-impact trauma.
Greenstick fracture (common in children) features an incomplete break, bending the bone rather than fully breaking it.

Description

Explore the intricacies of the skeletal system with this quiz covering key concepts from Chapter 5. Test your understanding of the differences between the axial and appendicular skeleton, as well as the vital functions of bones. Perfect for students studying human biology and anatomy.