Anatomy Chapter 5: The Skeletal System Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the term for a condition characterized by an excessive curvature of the spine?

Kyphosis

What is the term for a fracture where the broken ends do not penetrate the skin?

Simple fracture

What term describes the nonsurgical realignment of broken bone ends?

Closed reduction

What is a fracture called that is common in children and involves incomplete breaks?

<p>Greenstick fracture</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a fracture that occurs when the bone is crushed?

<p>Compression fracture</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do you call a fracture in which the bone ends penetrate through the skin?

<p>Compound fracture</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the surgical procedure called for realigning broken bone ends?

<p>Open reduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of fracture is caused by twisting forces?

<p>Spiral fracture</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the new capillary supply growth into the fracture region, leading to tissue formation?

<p>Granulation tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the process where nonbony debris at a fracture site is removed?

<p>Phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Classify each of the following terms as a projection (P) or a depression (or opening) (D):

<p>Condyle = P Crest = P Fissure = D Foramen = D Head = P Meatus = D Ramus = P Spine = P Tuberosity = P</p> Signup and view all the answers

Group the following bones into one of the four major bone categories:

<p>Calcaneus = S Frontal = F Femur = L Humerus = L Mandible = I Metacarpal = L Radius = L Sternum = F Vertebra = I</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is released when blood calcium levels drop below homeostatic levels?

<p>Parathyroid hormone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are mature bone cells called?

<p>Osteocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does disuse such as paralysis lead to in muscles and bones?

<p>Atrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes blood calcium to be deposited in bones as calcium salts?

<p>Calcitonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are immature bone cells that deposit matrix referred to as?

<p>Osteoblasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tissue makes up intervertebral discs?

<p>Fibrocartilage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structures join to form the coxal bone (hip bone)?

<p>Ilium, ischium, pubis</p> Signup and view all the answers

The space where the bones of the pelvic girdle meet is called the ______.

<p>pubic symphysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the weight-bearing parts of the vertebra called?

<p>Body</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of vertebrae that contain foramina for vertebral arteries?

<p>Cervical (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bone is referred to as the tailbone?

<p>Coccyx (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is formed at the point where the axial skeleton attaches to the pelvic girdle?

<p>Sacroiliac symphysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What bones form the knee joint?

<p>Tibia, femur</p> Signup and view all the answers

The tough, fibrous connective tissue covering of a bone is the ______.

<p>periosteum</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bone is referred to when mentioning the 'true' ribs?

<p>False ribs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Condyle

Rounded projection at the end of a bone that forms a joint.

Crest

A prominent ridge or projection on a bone.

Head

A large, rounded, articular projection on a bone.

Ramus

A projection that extends from a bone.

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Spine

A thin, pointed projection on a bone.

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Tuberosity

A rough, prominent projection on a bone.

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Fissure

A narrow slit or opening between bones.

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Foramen

A hole or opening in a bone.

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Meatus

A canal or tube-like passageway in a bone.

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Short bones

Small bones with equal length and width, like the carpals and tarsals.

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Flat bones

Thin, flat bones that provide protection, like the skull bones and sternum.

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Long bones

Long bones with a shaft and two ends, like the femur, humerus, and tibia.

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Irregular bones

Irregularly shaped bones with complex structures, like the vertebrae and facial bones.

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Spongy bone

Spongy, porous bone tissue found at the ends of long bones.

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Compact bone

Dense, hard bone tissue that forms the outer layer of bones.

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Hematopoiesis

Process of blood cell formation that occurs in the red marrow.

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Diaphysis

The central shaft of a long bone.

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Yellow marrow cavity

The hollow space within the diaphysis of a long bone, containing yellow marrow.

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Epiphyseal plate

A plate of hyaline cartilage found in the epiphysis of growing bones.

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Parathyroid hormone

Hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands that increases blood calcium levels.

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Calcitonin

Hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that lowers blood calcium levels.

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Osteocytes

Mature bone cells that maintain bone tissue.

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Osteoblasts

Immature bone cells that build new bone tissue by depositing matrix.

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Osteoclasts

Large, multinucleated cells that break down bone tissue and release calcium.

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Atrophy

The process of muscle and bone shrinking due to inactivity.

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Concentric lamellae

The rings of calcified matrix that surround the central canal in compact bone.

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Lacunae

Small spaces within the lamellae that house osteocytes.

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Central canal

A canal that runs longitudinally through the center of each osteon, containing blood vessels and nerves.

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Canaliculi

Tiny canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal.

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Sinuses

Air-filled cavities in certain skull bones that produce mucus and lighten the skull.

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Vertebral arch

The bony ring that protects the spinal cord, formed by the vertebral arch.

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Vertebral body

The thick, weight-bearing portion of a vertebra.

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Transverse processes

Lateral projections from the vertebral arch that provide lever arms for muscle attachment.

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Atlas

The first cervical vertebra, which supports the head.

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Axis

The second cervical vertebra, which allows for head rotation.

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Thoracic vertebrae

Vertebrae in the chest region that articulate with ribs.

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Lumbar vertebrae

Large, weight-bearing vertebrae in the lower back.

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Coccyx

Fused vertebrae at the end of the vertebral column, forming the tailbone.

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Study Notes

Classification of Terms

  • Projections (P): Condyle, Crest, Head, Ramus, Spine, Tuberosity
  • Depressions/Openings (D): Fissure, Foramen, Meatus

Major Bone Categories

  • Short bones: Calcaneus
  • Flat bones: Frontal, Sternum
  • Long bones: Femur, Humerus, Metacarpal, Radius
  • Irregular bones: Mandible, Vertebra

Long Bone Characteristics

  • Spongy bone located in the epiphysis
  • Compact bone resides in both diaphysis and epiphysis
  • Hematopoiesis occurs in the epiphysis and red marrow
  • Diaphysis is the scientific term for the bone shaft
  • Fat storage occurs in the yellow marrow cavity
  • Longitudinal growth site in children is the epiphyseal plate

Hormonal Regulation

  • Parathyroid hormone releases calcium from bones when blood calcium levels drop
  • Calcitonin deposits blood calcium into bones

Bone Cell Types

  • Osteocytes: Mature bone cells maintaining bone health
  • Osteoblasts: Immature cells that deposit bone matrix
  • Osteoclasts: Cells that liquefy bone matrix and release calcium into the blood

Bone Health and Disuse

  • Muscle and bone atrophy from lack of exercise or paralysis
  • Increased bony matrix occurs at stress or tension sites

Bone Structure

  • Concentric lamellae: Layers of calcified matrix
  • Lacunae: Spaces housing osteocytes
  • Central canal: Longitudinal canal for blood vessels and nerves
  • Canaliculi: Tiny canals connecting lacunae

Sinuses

  • Cavities in the skull producing mucus; lighten skull weight and amplify sound
  • Susceptible to infection due to continuity with nasal cavity

Vertebral Column Features

  • Vertebral arch protects the spinal cord
  • Body acts as the weight-bearing part of vertebrae
  • Transverse processes provide levers for muscle attachment

Vertebra Types and Characteristics

  • Atlas: First cervical vertebra, supports head
  • Axis: Second cervical vertebra, allows head rotation
  • Thoracic vertebrae: Articulation points for ribs
  • Lumbar vertebrae: Massive, weight-sustaining
  • Coccyx: Vestigial fused vertebrae, tailbone

Abnormal Curvatures

  • Kyphosis: Exaggerated thoracic curvature
  • Scoliosis: Lateral displacement of the vertebral column
  • Intervertebral discs made of fibrocartilage, provide cushion and flexibility

Thoracic Cage

  • Protects the heart and lungs
  • True ribs (1-7), false ribs (8-12), floating ribs (11-12)
  • Connects posteriorly to thoracic vertebrae and anteriorly to the sternum

Appendicular Skeleton

  • Scapula: Shoulder girdle bone connecting with the clavicle
  • Humerus, Ulna, Radius: Key bones of the arm
  • Ilia, Ischium, Pubis: Bones forming the coxal (hip) bone

Pelvis Differences (Male vs. Female)

  • Female inlet larger and more circular
  • Female pelvis shallower, with lighter bones
  • Female ilia flare laterally, resulting in wider hips

Fracture Types

  • Simple fracture: Clean break, no skin penetration
  • Compound fracture: Bone ends penetrate skin
  • Greenstick fracture: Incomplete break, common in children
  • Compression fracture: Crushed bone, common in vertebrae
  • Spiral fracture: Result of twisting forces

Fracture Healing Process

  • Hematoma formation at the fracture site
  • Osteocytes die due to lack of nutrition
  • Osteoclasts remove nonbony debris
  • New capillaries grow into the area to produce granulation tissue
  • Osteoblasts from periosteum migrate to healing site

General Facts

  • The largest foramen in the skull is the foramen magnum
  • Nonbony debris at fracture site removed by phagocytes
  • Osteoblasts contribute to new bone formation around a fracture

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Description

Test your knowledge of the skeletal system with this quiz focused on Chapter 5 of your anatomy course. You'll classify terms related to bone projections and depressions, as well as categorize different types of bones. Perfect for reinforcing your understanding of skeletal anatomy.

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