Questions and Answers
What is the term for a condition characterized by an excessive curvature of the spine?
Kyphosis
What is the term for a fracture where the broken ends do not penetrate the skin?
Simple fracture
What term describes the nonsurgical realignment of broken bone ends?
Closed reduction
What is a fracture called that is common in children and involves incomplete breaks?
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What is the term for a fracture that occurs when the bone is crushed?
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What do you call a fracture in which the bone ends penetrate through the skin?
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What is the surgical procedure called for realigning broken bone ends?
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What type of fracture is caused by twisting forces?
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What is the term for the new capillary supply growth into the fracture region, leading to tissue formation?
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What is the name of the process where nonbony debris at a fracture site is removed?
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Classify each of the following terms as a projection (P) or a depression (or opening) (D):
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Group the following bones into one of the four major bone categories:
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What is released when blood calcium levels drop below homeostatic levels?
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What are mature bone cells called?
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What does disuse such as paralysis lead to in muscles and bones?
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What causes blood calcium to be deposited in bones as calcium salts?
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What are immature bone cells that deposit matrix referred to as?
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Which tissue makes up intervertebral discs?
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What structures join to form the coxal bone (hip bone)?
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The space where the bones of the pelvic girdle meet is called the ______.
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What are the weight-bearing parts of the vertebra called?
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What are the two types of vertebrae that contain foramina for vertebral arteries?
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Which bone is referred to as the tailbone?
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What is formed at the point where the axial skeleton attaches to the pelvic girdle?
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What bones form the knee joint?
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The tough, fibrous connective tissue covering of a bone is the ______.
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What type of bone is referred to when mentioning the 'true' ribs?
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Study Notes
Classification of Terms
- Projections (P): Condyle, Crest, Head, Ramus, Spine, Tuberosity
- Depressions/Openings (D): Fissure, Foramen, Meatus
Major Bone Categories
- Short bones: Calcaneus
- Flat bones: Frontal, Sternum
- Long bones: Femur, Humerus, Metacarpal, Radius
- Irregular bones: Mandible, Vertebra
Long Bone Characteristics
- Spongy bone located in the epiphysis
- Compact bone resides in both diaphysis and epiphysis
- Hematopoiesis occurs in the epiphysis and red marrow
- Diaphysis is the scientific term for the bone shaft
- Fat storage occurs in the yellow marrow cavity
- Longitudinal growth site in children is the epiphyseal plate
Hormonal Regulation
- Parathyroid hormone releases calcium from bones when blood calcium levels drop
- Calcitonin deposits blood calcium into bones
Bone Cell Types
- Osteocytes: Mature bone cells maintaining bone health
- Osteoblasts: Immature cells that deposit bone matrix
- Osteoclasts: Cells that liquefy bone matrix and release calcium into the blood
Bone Health and Disuse
- Muscle and bone atrophy from lack of exercise or paralysis
- Increased bony matrix occurs at stress or tension sites
Bone Structure
- Concentric lamellae: Layers of calcified matrix
- Lacunae: Spaces housing osteocytes
- Central canal: Longitudinal canal for blood vessels and nerves
- Canaliculi: Tiny canals connecting lacunae
Sinuses
- Cavities in the skull producing mucus; lighten skull weight and amplify sound
- Susceptible to infection due to continuity with nasal cavity
Vertebral Column Features
- Vertebral arch protects the spinal cord
- Body acts as the weight-bearing part of vertebrae
- Transverse processes provide levers for muscle attachment
Vertebra Types and Characteristics
- Atlas: First cervical vertebra, supports head
- Axis: Second cervical vertebra, allows head rotation
- Thoracic vertebrae: Articulation points for ribs
- Lumbar vertebrae: Massive, weight-sustaining
- Coccyx: Vestigial fused vertebrae, tailbone
Abnormal Curvatures
- Kyphosis: Exaggerated thoracic curvature
- Scoliosis: Lateral displacement of the vertebral column
- Intervertebral discs made of fibrocartilage, provide cushion and flexibility
Thoracic Cage
- Protects the heart and lungs
- True ribs (1-7), false ribs (8-12), floating ribs (11-12)
- Connects posteriorly to thoracic vertebrae and anteriorly to the sternum
Appendicular Skeleton
- Scapula: Shoulder girdle bone connecting with the clavicle
- Humerus, Ulna, Radius: Key bones of the arm
- Ilia, Ischium, Pubis: Bones forming the coxal (hip) bone
Pelvis Differences (Male vs. Female)
- Female inlet larger and more circular
- Female pelvis shallower, with lighter bones
- Female ilia flare laterally, resulting in wider hips
Fracture Types
- Simple fracture: Clean break, no skin penetration
- Compound fracture: Bone ends penetrate skin
- Greenstick fracture: Incomplete break, common in children
- Compression fracture: Crushed bone, common in vertebrae
- Spiral fracture: Result of twisting forces
Fracture Healing Process
- Hematoma formation at the fracture site
- Osteocytes die due to lack of nutrition
- Osteoclasts remove nonbony debris
- New capillaries grow into the area to produce granulation tissue
- Osteoblasts from periosteum migrate to healing site
General Facts
- The largest foramen in the skull is the foramen magnum
- Nonbony debris at fracture site removed by phagocytes
- Osteoblasts contribute to new bone formation around a fracture
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Description
Test your knowledge of the skeletal system with this quiz focused on Chapter 5 of your anatomy course. You'll classify terms related to bone projections and depressions, as well as categorize different types of bones. Perfect for reinforcing your understanding of skeletal anatomy.
