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Questions and Answers
What is the term for a condition characterized by an excessive curvature of the spine?
What is the term for a condition characterized by an excessive curvature of the spine?
Kyphosis
What is the term for a fracture where the broken ends do not penetrate the skin?
What is the term for a fracture where the broken ends do not penetrate the skin?
Simple fracture
What term describes the nonsurgical realignment of broken bone ends?
What term describes the nonsurgical realignment of broken bone ends?
Closed reduction
What is a fracture called that is common in children and involves incomplete breaks?
What is a fracture called that is common in children and involves incomplete breaks?
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What is the term for a fracture that occurs when the bone is crushed?
What is the term for a fracture that occurs when the bone is crushed?
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What do you call a fracture in which the bone ends penetrate through the skin?
What do you call a fracture in which the bone ends penetrate through the skin?
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What is the surgical procedure called for realigning broken bone ends?
What is the surgical procedure called for realigning broken bone ends?
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What type of fracture is caused by twisting forces?
What type of fracture is caused by twisting forces?
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What is the term for the new capillary supply growth into the fracture region, leading to tissue formation?
What is the term for the new capillary supply growth into the fracture region, leading to tissue formation?
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What is the name of the process where nonbony debris at a fracture site is removed?
What is the name of the process where nonbony debris at a fracture site is removed?
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Classify each of the following terms as a projection (P) or a depression (or opening) (D):
Classify each of the following terms as a projection (P) or a depression (or opening) (D):
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Group the following bones into one of the four major bone categories:
Group the following bones into one of the four major bone categories:
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What is released when blood calcium levels drop below homeostatic levels?
What is released when blood calcium levels drop below homeostatic levels?
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What are mature bone cells called?
What are mature bone cells called?
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What does disuse such as paralysis lead to in muscles and bones?
What does disuse such as paralysis lead to in muscles and bones?
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What causes blood calcium to be deposited in bones as calcium salts?
What causes blood calcium to be deposited in bones as calcium salts?
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What are immature bone cells that deposit matrix referred to as?
What are immature bone cells that deposit matrix referred to as?
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Which tissue makes up intervertebral discs?
Which tissue makes up intervertebral discs?
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What structures join to form the coxal bone (hip bone)?
What structures join to form the coxal bone (hip bone)?
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The space where the bones of the pelvic girdle meet is called the ______.
The space where the bones of the pelvic girdle meet is called the ______.
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What are the weight-bearing parts of the vertebra called?
What are the weight-bearing parts of the vertebra called?
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What are the two types of vertebrae that contain foramina for vertebral arteries?
What are the two types of vertebrae that contain foramina for vertebral arteries?
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Which bone is referred to as the tailbone?
Which bone is referred to as the tailbone?
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What is formed at the point where the axial skeleton attaches to the pelvic girdle?
What is formed at the point where the axial skeleton attaches to the pelvic girdle?
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What bones form the knee joint?
What bones form the knee joint?
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The tough, fibrous connective tissue covering of a bone is the ______.
The tough, fibrous connective tissue covering of a bone is the ______.
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What type of bone is referred to when mentioning the 'true' ribs?
What type of bone is referred to when mentioning the 'true' ribs?
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Study Notes
Classification of Terms
- Projections (P): Condyle, Crest, Head, Ramus, Spine, Tuberosity
- Depressions/Openings (D): Fissure, Foramen, Meatus
Major Bone Categories
- Short bones: Calcaneus
- Flat bones: Frontal, Sternum
- Long bones: Femur, Humerus, Metacarpal, Radius
- Irregular bones: Mandible, Vertebra
Long Bone Characteristics
- Spongy bone located in the epiphysis
- Compact bone resides in both diaphysis and epiphysis
- Hematopoiesis occurs in the epiphysis and red marrow
- Diaphysis is the scientific term for the bone shaft
- Fat storage occurs in the yellow marrow cavity
- Longitudinal growth site in children is the epiphyseal plate
Hormonal Regulation
- Parathyroid hormone releases calcium from bones when blood calcium levels drop
- Calcitonin deposits blood calcium into bones
Bone Cell Types
- Osteocytes: Mature bone cells maintaining bone health
- Osteoblasts: Immature cells that deposit bone matrix
- Osteoclasts: Cells that liquefy bone matrix and release calcium into the blood
Bone Health and Disuse
- Muscle and bone atrophy from lack of exercise or paralysis
- Increased bony matrix occurs at stress or tension sites
Bone Structure
- Concentric lamellae: Layers of calcified matrix
- Lacunae: Spaces housing osteocytes
- Central canal: Longitudinal canal for blood vessels and nerves
- Canaliculi: Tiny canals connecting lacunae
Sinuses
- Cavities in the skull producing mucus; lighten skull weight and amplify sound
- Susceptible to infection due to continuity with nasal cavity
Vertebral Column Features
- Vertebral arch protects the spinal cord
- Body acts as the weight-bearing part of vertebrae
- Transverse processes provide levers for muscle attachment
Vertebra Types and Characteristics
- Atlas: First cervical vertebra, supports head
- Axis: Second cervical vertebra, allows head rotation
- Thoracic vertebrae: Articulation points for ribs
- Lumbar vertebrae: Massive, weight-sustaining
- Coccyx: Vestigial fused vertebrae, tailbone
Abnormal Curvatures
- Kyphosis: Exaggerated thoracic curvature
- Scoliosis: Lateral displacement of the vertebral column
- Intervertebral discs made of fibrocartilage, provide cushion and flexibility
Thoracic Cage
- Protects the heart and lungs
- True ribs (1-7), false ribs (8-12), floating ribs (11-12)
- Connects posteriorly to thoracic vertebrae and anteriorly to the sternum
Appendicular Skeleton
- Scapula: Shoulder girdle bone connecting with the clavicle
- Humerus, Ulna, Radius: Key bones of the arm
- Ilia, Ischium, Pubis: Bones forming the coxal (hip) bone
Pelvis Differences (Male vs. Female)
- Female inlet larger and more circular
- Female pelvis shallower, with lighter bones
- Female ilia flare laterally, resulting in wider hips
Fracture Types
- Simple fracture: Clean break, no skin penetration
- Compound fracture: Bone ends penetrate skin
- Greenstick fracture: Incomplete break, common in children
- Compression fracture: Crushed bone, common in vertebrae
- Spiral fracture: Result of twisting forces
Fracture Healing Process
- Hematoma formation at the fracture site
- Osteocytes die due to lack of nutrition
- Osteoclasts remove nonbony debris
- New capillaries grow into the area to produce granulation tissue
- Osteoblasts from periosteum migrate to healing site
General Facts
- The largest foramen in the skull is the foramen magnum
- Nonbony debris at fracture site removed by phagocytes
- Osteoblasts contribute to new bone formation around a fracture
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Description
Test your knowledge of the skeletal system with this quiz focused on Chapter 5 of your anatomy course. You'll classify terms related to bone projections and depressions, as well as categorize different types of bones. Perfect for reinforcing your understanding of skeletal anatomy.
