Bones 1.2A
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Questions and Answers

What type of fracture is characterized by the bone piercing the skin?

  • Compound fracture (correct)
  • Simple fracture
  • Greenstick fracture
  • Depressed fracture

    • Which type of bone is primarily responsible for limb mobility?

  • Irregular bones
  • Short bones
  • Long bones (correct)
  • Flat bones

    • What type of fracture is common in children due to their flexible bones?

  • Greenstick fracture (correct)
  • Compression fracture
  • Spiral fracture
  • Comminuted fracture

    • Which type of bone is mainly involved in protection and muscle attachment?

    <p>Flat bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fracture occurs when the bone is crushed due to high compressive forces?

    <p>Compression fracture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Older adults are more prone to which type of fracture due to brittle bones?

    <p>Compression fracture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bone assists in protecting tendons?

    <p>Sesamoid bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fracture involves the bone breaking into multiple pieces?

    <p>Comminuted fracture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the costovertebral joints in rib articulation?

    <p>They connect each rib to the vertebral bodies of two adjacent vertebrae.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the rib's connection to the thoracic vertebrae?

    <p>Each rib articulates with two adjacent vertebrae through costovertebral joints.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures do the demi-facets on the thoracic vertebrae accommodate?

    <p>The heads of pairs of adjacent ribs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is formed between the rib and the transverse process of the thoracic vertebra?

    <p>Costotransverse joint.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what view are the ribs and thoracic joints presented in the content?

    <p>Posterolateral view.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary functions of the skeletal system?

    <p>Support and protection of vital organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is part of the appendicular skeleton?

    <p>Pelvic girdle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age does bone development typically conclude?

    <p>20 years old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of epiphyseal plates in bone development?

    <p>To allow for bone growth in length</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is classified as part of the axial skeleton?

    <p>Hyoid bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can damage to the epiphyseal plate lead to?

    <p>Impaired bone growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the roles of ligaments in the skeletal system?

    <p>Connect bone to bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which functional aspect of the skeletal system involves maintaining posture?

    <p>Support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common clinical implication of aging on the skeletal system?

    <p>Decreased calcium levels in bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system?

    <p>Hormonal regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bones is classified as part of the viscerocranium?

    <p>Mandible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of fontanels in the neonatal skull?

    <p>To facilitate rapid brain growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many cranial bones make up the human skull, including both the cranial and facial skeleton?

    <p>22</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)?

    <p>Synovial joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial suture is named for its shape and orientation?

    <p>Coronal suture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pairs of bones are considered maxilla bones?

    <p>Palatine bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which suture connects the two parietal bones?

    <p>Sagittal suture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of cranial sutures?

    <p>To facilitate bone growth and movement during birth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial bone is located at the back of the skull?

    <p>Occipital bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the junction of the frontal, parietal, temporal, and sphenoid bones?

    <p>Pterion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a condyle refer to in bone anatomy?

    <p>A round articular prominence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes a shallow depression in bone structure?

    <p>Fossa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the surface anatomy landmark known as a tuberosity?

    <p>To serve as a muscle attachment point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a meatus represent in bone anatomy?

    <p>An opening or canal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a trochanter?

    <p>A large blunt elevation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term 'process' in bone anatomy refers to what?

    <p>A projection or outgrowth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of depressions, holes, and openings in bones?

    <p>To provide pathways for nerves and vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bone landmark is characterized as a linear elevated ridge?

    <p>Crest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a foramen refer to in skeletal anatomy?

    <p>An opening or hole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes a rounded projection on a bone?

    <p>Tubercle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What landmark is specifically an indentation on the edge of a bone?

    <p>Notch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The definition of a sinus in bone structure is best described as what?

    <p>An opening or cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which landmark would NOT typically serve as a pathway for nerves and vessels?

    <p>Fossa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical feature is identified as a cup-like depression?

    <p>Fossa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to bone production as individuals age?

    <p>Bone production decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor negatively impacts bone strength with aging?

    <p>Reduced calcium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of reducing mechanical stress on bones as one ages?

    <p>Bone loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does aging affect the balance between osteoblasts and osteoclasts?

    <p>Osteoclast activity becomes greater than osteoblast activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to collagen synthesis with aging?

    <p>Collagen synthesis decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is directly involved in the separation of vertebrae?

    <p>Intervertebral discs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of vertebrae is the sacrum comprised of?

    <p>3-5 fused vertebrae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the vertebra houses the spinal nerves?

    <p>Vertebral foramen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structural function of pedicles in vertebrae?

    <p>Connect the spinous and transverse processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vertebral feature is involved in the articulation with other vertebrae?

    <p>Articular processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the synovial cavity in synovial joints?

    <p>Facilitate fluid movement within the joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of synovial joint allows for movement in one plane only?

    <p>Hinge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which joint classification allows for the most extensive range of movement?

    <p>Multiaxial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of tendinous sheaths in synovial joints?

    <p>Allow tendons to glide smoothly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action does flexion typically describe in terms of joint movement?

    <p>Bending a body part to decrease the angle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term best describes the movement that increases the angle between body parts?

    <p>Extension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of synovial joint is characterized by its ability to adapt to multiple movements, including flexion, extension, and rotation?

    <p>Ball and socket joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fat pads in synovial joints serve what primary purpose?

    <p>Cushion the joint against stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the fontanels in a neonatal skull?

    <p>To allow for flexibility during childbirth and brain growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial sutures are named based on their shape and orientation?

    <p>Coronal and Lambdoid sutures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bone does NOT belong to the viscerocranium?

    <p>Frontal bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the anatomical term for the junction where the frontal, parietal, temporal, and sphenoid bones meet?

    <p>Pterion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many bones make up the viscerocranium?

    <p>14</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial bone is located at the posterior part of the skull?

    <p>Occipital bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of cranial sutures in the skull?

    <p>They connect the bones of the skull firmly together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of fontanel in the neonatal skull?

    <p>Occipital fontanel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which joint is referred to as the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)?

    <p>Joint between the mandible and temporal bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the notation 'fossa' in bone anatomy?

    <p>To describe a cup-like depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which landmark is specifically described as a rounded articular end?

    <p>Condyle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable feature of a 'meatus' in bone structure?

    <p>It is a canal that serves as a pathway.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'notch' indicate in bone anatomy?

    <p>An indentation on the edge of a bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is correctly associated with serving as anchor points for muscles?

    <p>Trochanter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a 'foramen' refer to in skeletal anatomy?

    <p>An opening or hole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes an 'epicondyle' from other bone landmarks?

    <p>It is a rough projection near a condyle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In bone terminology, what is a 'tuberosity' defined as?

    <p>A rough projection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about a 'sinus' in bone anatomy?

    <p>It is a sac or cavity within a bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes a small flat articular surface on a bone?

    <p>Facet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining characteristic of a 'trochanter'?

    <p>A large blunt elevation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do depressions and holes serve in bone anatomy?

    <p>To provide pathways for structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these features is characterized as a rough projection on a bone?

    <p>Trochanter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a 'groove' in bone terminology?

    <p>An elongated depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Skeletal System

    • Composed of bones, cartilage, tendons/aponeuroses, ligaments
    • Functions: support, protection, force translation, blood cell production, mineral storage
    • Divided into axial and appendicular skeletons

    Axial Skeleton

    • Contains skull & mandible, hyoid bone, vertebral column, ribs, sternum

    Appendicular Skeleton

    • Contains pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, bones of upper & lower limbs

    Bone Development

    • Begins early in utero and continues until around 20 years old
    • Damage to the epiphyseal plate can affect further bone growth
    • Epiphyseal plates close at around 20 years old, forming epiphyseal lines
    • Osteoporosis can occur in late middle age

    Fracture Types

    • Different types of fractures are more common at different ages
    • Greenstick fracture: occurs in children, where the bone bends instead of breaking
    • Epiphyseal fracture: fracture of the epiphyseal plate, common in children
    • Spiral fracture: occurs when a bone is twisted, common in sports
    • Depressed fracture: occurs when a bone is pushed inwards, often seen in skull injuries
    • Compression fracture: occurs when a bone is crushed, common in vertebrae
    • Comminuted fracture: occurs when a bone is broken into multiple pieces, common in elderly people with brittle bones
    • Simple fracture: bone is broken, but does not pierce the skin
    • Compound fracture: bone is broken and pierces the skin

    Types of Bones

    • Flat bones: provide protection and muscle attachment, e.g. parietal bone
    • Long bones: provide structure and limb mobility, e.g. femur bone
    • Short bones: provide support and stability, e.g. tarsal bones
    • Sesamoid bones: protect tendons and increase efficiency, e.g. patella
    • Irregular bones: provide muscle attachment and protection, e.g. vertebrae

    Bone Landmarks

    • Articulations: surfaces that rub together to form joints
    • Condyle: rounded articular prominence at the end of a bone
    • Head: rounded articular end
    • Fossa: cup-like depression
    • Process: outgrowth or projection
    • Epicondyle: projection above a condyle
    • Tuberosity: rough projection
    • Trochanter: large blunt elevation
    • Tubercle: rounded projection
    • Line: linear elevated ridge
    • Crest: ridge
    • Meatus: canal
    • Foramen: opening or hole
    • Fissure: natural division or crevice
    • Notch: indentation on the edge of a bone
    • Sinus: sac or cavity
    • Groove: elongated depression

    Application: Surface Anatomy

    • Major landmarks can be palpated (felt) on the body
    • Examples: frontal bone, temporal bone, occipital bone, sphenoid bone, ethmoid bone

    Cranial Sutures

    • Solid fibrous joints between skull bones
    • Named for their shapes and orientations
    • Examples: lambdoid suture, coronal suture, squamoid suture, sagittal suture

    Neonatal Skull

    • Contains fontanels: soft spots that make the skull pliable for childbirth
    • Facilitate rapid brain growth
    • Close off as skull bones grow, leaving behind sutures

    Viscerocranium

    • 14 bones that make up the facial skeleton
    • Examples: maxilla bones, nasal bones, lacrimal bones, inferior nasal conchae, vomer bone, zygomatic bones, mandible

    Mandible and Temporomandibular Joint

    • Can be palpated (felt) on the body

    Axial Skeleton: Thorax

    • Rib cage consists of ribs and thoracic vertebrae
    • Each rib articulates with adjacent vertebrae in costovertebral joints
    • Ribs connect to the sternum via costal cartilages
    • Ribs 1-7 are true ribs
    • Ribs 8-10 are false ribs
    • Ribs 11-12 are floating ribs

    Aging and Exercise

    • Osteoblasts are responsible for bone production, osteoclasts for bone absorption
    • During adolescence, bone production and absorption are equal
    • During middle age, bone production is less than bone absorption
    • Aging leads to decreased calcium and collagen synthesis
    • Bone strength can adapt to the strain it experiences
    • Bone shape and type can provide clues about their function

    Landmarks

    • Landmarks are specific features on the surface of bones:
      • Articulation surfaces: Where bones meet and rub together to form joints
        • Facet: Small, flat articular surface
        • Condyle: Rounded articular prominence at the end of a bone
        • Head: Rounded articular end
        • Fossa: Cup-like depression
      • Attachments: Projections serving as anchor points for muscles and ligaments
        • Process: Outgrowth or projection
        • Epicondyle: Projection above a condyle
        • Tuberosity: Rough projection
        • Trochanter: Large, blunt elevation
        • Tubercle: Rounded projection
        • Line: Linear elevated ridge
        • Crest: Ridge
      • Depressions, holes, and openings: Pathways for nerves, arteries, and veins
        • Meatus: Canal
        • Foramen: Opening or hole
        • Fissure: Natural division or crevice
        • Notch: Indentation on the edge of a bone
        • Sinus: Sac or cavity
        • Groove: Elongated depression

    Synovial Joints

    • Allow large amounts of movement
    • Features include:
      • Synovial cavity filled with synovial fluid
      • Articular cartilage (hyaline)
      • Joint capsule (fibrous membrane)
      • Synovial membrane
      • Tendinous synovial sheaths
      • Fat pads

    Classifications of Synovial Joints

    • Biaxial: Allow movement in two planes
      • Planar: Gliding movements
      • Saddle: Movement in two planes, resembles a saddle
      • Condyloid: Movement in two planes, rounded articular surface
    • Uniaxial: Allow movement in one plane
      • Pivot: Rotation around a central axis
      • Hinge: Flexion and extension
    • Multiaxial: Allow movement in multiple planes
      • Ball and socket: Wide range of movement

    Terms of Joint Movement

    • Flexion: Decreases the angle between two parts of the body
    • Extension: Increases the angle between two parts of the body

    Cranial Sutures

    • Sutures: Fibrous joints in the skull
    • Names based on shape and orientation:
      • Lambdoid suture
      • Coronal suture
      • Squamoid suture
      • Sagittal suture
      • Pterion: Gr. 'wings' (Hermes)

    Neonatal Skull

    • Fontanels: 'Soft spots' in the neonatal skull
      • Allow for pliability during childbirth and rapid brain growth
      • Close off as the skull grows, leaving behind sutures

    Viscerocranium

    • 14 bones make up the facial skeleton:
      • Maxilla bones (2)
      • Nasal bones (2)
      • Lacrimal bones (2)
      • Inferior nasal conchae (2)
      • Vomer bone (1)
      • Zygomatic bones (2)
      • Mandible (1)
      • Palatine bones (2)

    Mandible and Temporomandibular Joint

    • Can be palpated (felt)

    Vertebral Column

    • Vertebrae are stacked to form the vertebral column
    • Regions: Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, Coccygeal
    • Common components:
      • Vertebral body
      • Pedicles
      • Articular processes (superior and inferior)
      • Transverse processes
      • Lamina
      • Spinous process
      • Vertebral foramen
      • Intervertebral foramen
    • Specializations: Different regions have unique features
    • Intervertebral discs: Separate vertebrae and are vulnerable to herniation
    • Sacral kyphosis: Curve present in the sacrum

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