Bones PDF - Western University, Canada

©  Bones Dr. Sean McWatt, PhD [email protected] Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson, you will be able to… Explain the basics of bone development, structure, and function Use anatomical terminology to identify bony features and use them in surface palpation...

©  Bones Dr. Sean McWatt, PhD [email protected] Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson, you will be able to… Explain the basics of bone development, structure, and function Use anatomical terminology to identify bony features and use them in surface palpation Describe the basic features and functions of different types of joints Name and describe the major components of the axial and appendicular skeletons Discuss the clinical implications of exercise, aging, and injury on the skeletal system Skeletal System Musculoskeletal System Muscular System Skeletal System Muscles Bones Tendons/aponeuroses Cartilage Motor unit Ligaments Functions Functions Skeletal movement Support Maintaining posture and position Protection Opening and closing of orifices Force translation Maintaining homeostasis Blood cell production Mineral storage Anterior views http://tiny.cc/ukmzaz https://www.pinterest.ca/pin/231231762096235747/ Skeletal System Axial Skeleton Skull and mandible Hyoid bone Vertebral column The skeletal system can Ribs be divided into two Sternum categories – the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton Appendicular Skeleton Pectoral girdle Pelvic girdle Bones of upper and lower limbs Anterior view Drake, Gray’s Anatomy for Students, 2nd Ed., Copyright © 2009 by Churchill Livingstone Bone Development Three years of age Damage to the epiphyseal plate can affect further bone growth Closure of epiphyseal plates = Epiphyseal lines Frontal view Epiphyseal plates Adult Six weeks gestation Birth ~20 years of age Bone development begins very early in utero and does not finish until around 20 years after birth! Gilroy, Anatomy: An Essential Textbook, Copyright © 2013 by Thieme Aging and Exercise Birth Adolescence Middle age Old age Bone production Osteoblasts > = < Bone absorption Osteoclasts BUT: Aging causes: Loss of bone mass Bone tissue can alter its strength in ↓ Calcium response to strain it experiences! Increased brittleness ↓ Collagen synthesis Mechanical stress can promote bone Charles Jr. et al (2004) Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest 25 (3) 187-200 (2004) growth; however, lacking these forces can contribute to bone loss Early in life, we produce more bone than we absorb, vs. but that relationship inverts in our late middle ages Normal Osteoporosis Fracture Types Greenstick fracture Epiphyseal fracture Spiral fracture Simple Compound Young children fracture fracture Just bone Bone pierces skin There are many different Depressed fracture Compression fracture Comminuted fracture types of fractures – some are more common in young people, whereas others are more common in elderly people with more brittle bones Elders http://tinyurl.com/438watk9 Bone Features Types of Bones Flat bones e.g., Parietal bone Protection, muscle attachment Long bones e.g., Femur bone Sagittal view Structure, limb mobility Short bones Sesamoid e.g., Tarsal bones bones Support, e.g., Patella stability Tendon protection, efficiency Irregular bones e.g., Vertebrae Muscle attachment, protection The different types of bones are specialized based on their functions. Therefore, bone shape and type can be clues about their function(s) Superior view Anterior view Gilroy, Anatomy: An Essential Textbook, Copyright © 2013 by Thieme Landmarks Articulations are Facet surfaces that rub Small flat Condyle articular surface Round articular together to form joints prominence at the end of a bone Head Rounded articular end Superior view Anterior view Fossa Cup-like depression Anterior view Anterior view Gilroy, Anatomy: An Essential Textbook, Copyright © 2013 by Thieme Landmarks Attachments are Process Outgrowth or projections that serve Epicondyle projection Projection above as anchor points for a condyle muscle tendons or fibrous ligaments Tuberosity Rough Superior view projection Anterior view Trochanter Tubercle Large blunt Rounded elevation Fossa projection Shallow Line depression Linear Crest elevated ridge Ridge Anterior view Anterior view Gilroy, Anatomy: An Essential Textbook, Copyright © 2013 by Thieme Landmarks Depressions, holes, and openings serve as pathways that structures like nerves, Meatus arteries, and veins follow Canal to reach their targets Foramen Superior view Opening or hole Fissure Natural division or crevice Superior view Notch Indentation on edge of bone Sinus Sac or cavity Groove Elongated depression Anterior view Anterior view Gilroy, Anatomy: An Essential Textbook, Copyright © 2013 by Thieme Application: Surface Anatomy Can you locate some of these major landmarks on yourself or a partner? Gilroy, Anatomy: An Essential Textbook, Copyright © 2013 by Thieme Joints Joint Types Solid joints Joint articulation = arthrosis A site where two skeletal elements come together, or ‘articulate’ Synovial joints Solid joints are very stable and do not facilitate much (if any) movement. Conversely, synovial joints are specialized to allow for huge amounts of movement and are, therefore, the primary joints we will discuss in Unit 3 and Unit 4 Drake, Gray’s Anatomy for Students, 2nd Ed., Copyright © 2009 by Churchill Livingstone Solid Joints Gomphosis Suture Fibrous Fibrous joints are very fixed, not allowing much (if any) movement http://tiny.cc/eztzaz Gilroy, Anatomy: An Essential Textbook, Copyright © 2013 by Thieme Cartilaginous Cartilaginous joints are Synchondrosis very stable, but they Hyaline cartilage typically allow for a small amount of Symphysis Fibrocartilage movement or flexibility © Dr. Sean C. McWatt Synovial Joints Articular discs Labrum, meniscus, etc. Synovial joints are specialized for Bursae large amounts of movement… Synovial cavity Filled with synovial fluid Articular Tendinous cartilage Joint capsule synovial Hyaline Fibrous membrane Synovial membrane sheaths …therefore, they have various features associated with them to Fat pads facilitate those movements and protect the surrounding structures during those movements. Gilroy, Anatomy: An Essential Textbook, Copyright © 2013 by Thieme Drake, Gray’s Anatomy for Students, 2nd Ed., Copyright © 2009 by Churchill Livingstone Classifications of Synovial Joints Biaxial Uniaxial Pivot Hinge Planar (gliding) Saddle Condyloid Multiaxial Ball and socket A joint’s classification dictates the functions that are possible at that joint Gilroy, Anatomy: An Essential Textbook, Copyright © 2013 by Thieme  Terms of Joint Movement Flexion: Extension: Movement to decrease angle between two Movement to increase angle between two parts of the body parts of the body Agur and Dalley, Grant’s Atlas of Anatomy, 13th Ed. Copyright © 2013 by Lippincott Williams and Wilkins  Terms of Joint Movement Medial (internal) rotation: Abduction: Rotation toward Movement away midline from the midline Lateral (external) rotation: Rotation away from midline Adduction: Movement toward the midline Circumduction: Combination of flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction Agur and Dalley, Grant’s Atlas of Anatomy, 13th Ed. Copyright © 2013 by Lippincott Williams and Wilkins Appendicular Skeleton Skeletal System Axial Skeleton Skull and mandible Hyoid bone The appendicular Vertebral column skeleton refers to the Ribs bones of the appendages, Sternum otherwise known as the upper and lower limbs Appendicular Skeleton Pectoral girdle Pelvic girdle Bones of upper and lower limbs Anterior view Drake, Gray’s Anatomy for Students, 2nd Ed., Copyright © 2009 by Churchill Livingstone Appendicular Skeleton Pectoral girdle Scapula Clavicle Shoulder Arm Humerus Elbow Forearm Radius Ulna Wrist and Wrist digits Carpals Hand Metacarpals Phalanges Anterior view Drake, Gray’s Anatomy for Students, 2nd Ed., Copyright © 2009 by Churchill Livingstone Appendicular Skeleton Pelvic girdle Ilium Ischium Pubis Hip Thigh Femur Patella Knee Ankle Tarsals Leg Tibia Fibula Ankle Foot and digits Metatarsals Phalanges Anterior view Drake, Gray’s Anatomy for Students, 2nd Ed., Copyright © 2009 by Churchill Livingstone Axial Skeleton: Skull Skeletal System Axial Skeleton Skull and mandible Hyoid bone Vertebral column Ribs Sternum The axial skeleton refers to the bones of the trunk, including the skull, spine, Appendicular Skeleton ribs, and sternum, as well Pectoral girdle as the hyoid bone in the Pelvic girdle anterior neck Bones of upper and lower limbs Anterior view Drake, Gray’s Anatomy for Students, 2nd Ed., Copyright © 2009 by Churchill Livingstone Skull The skull has a total of 22 bones, organized into the neurocranium and viscerocranium Neurocranium Holds the brain =8 Viscerocranium Facial skeleton Jaw bones = 14 Sagittal view Gilroy, Anatomy: An Essential Textbook, Copyright © 2013 by Thieme Neurocranium Six of the eight neurocranium bones can be easily remembered Fingers = Frontal Palm = Parietal Parietal bones (2) with the hand trick… the ethmoid Thumb = Temporal Eyes = Ethmoid and sphenoid are a bit trickier Other = Occipital Something = Sphenoid? Frontal bone (1) Posterior view Temporal bones (2) Occipital bone (1) Anterior view Sphenoid bone (1) Ethmoid bone (1) Sagittal view Gilroy, Anatomy: An Essential Textbook, Copyright © 2013 by Thieme Cranial Sutures Solid Fibrous Pterion Gr. ‘wings’ (Hermes) λ = Lambdoid suture Occipital Coronal suture Occipital protuberance Squamoid suture Sagittal suture Anterior view The sutures are named for their Posterior view shapes and orientations Sagittal view Gilroy, Anatomy: An Essential Textbook, Copyright © 2013 by Thieme Neonatal Skull Anterolateral Large fontanel neurocranium Fontanels are ‘soft spots’ in the neonatal skull that make the skull pliable for Small childbirth and facilitate viscerocranium rapid brain growth Sagittal view Posterolateral As the bones of the skull fontanel grow, they press the fontanels together and close them off, leaving Anterior fontanel behind sutures Posterior fontanel Superior view Gilroy, Anatomy: An Essential Textbook, Copyright © 2013 by Thieme  There are 14 viscerocranium bones Viscerocranium that make up the facial skeleton Maxilla bones (2) Nasal bones (2) Lacrimal bones (2) Inferior nasal conchae (2) Vomer bone (1) Inferior view Zygomatic bones (2) Mandible (1) Sagittal view Anterior view Palatine bones (2) Gilroy, Anatomy: An Essential Textbook, Copyright © 2013 by Thieme  Mandible and Temporomandibular Joint Can you palpate your temporomandibular Head joint (TMJ)? Condylar process Angle Mental process Temporal bone Temporomandibular joint Modified hinge Synovial Temporal bones (2) The mandible makes up the lower jaw and its articulation with the temporal bone forms Mandible (1) the only synovial joint in the skull Sagittal view Gilroy, Anatomy: An Essential Textbook, Copyright © 2013 by Thieme Axial Skeleton: Spine Spinal Column 1 2 3 Cervical 4 Cervical (7) 5 lordosis 6 7 Hyoid bone Intervertebral 1 Irregular ‘floating’ bone discs 2 Thoracic …of intervertebral 3 symphysis joints 4 kyphosis 5 6 Superior 7 Thoracic (12) view 8 Scoliosis 9 10 The spinal 11 12 Zygapophyseal Disc joints column is Nucleus 1 herniation pulposus Synovial made up Anulus 2 of 24 vertebrae fibrosus 3 Lumbar (5) stacked on top of the 4 Lumbar 5 lordosis sacrum and coccyx. They are separated by Sacrum (1) intervertebral discs, 5 fused vertebrae Sacral which are vulnerable to Coccyx (1) kyphosis 3-5 fused vertebrae herniation Posterior view Sagittal view Gilroy, Anatomy: An Essential Textbook, Copyright © 2013 by Thieme General Vertebral Anatomy Vertebral body Spinal nerve Pedicles Articular processes Superior and inferior Transverse processes Lamina Intervertebral Spinous foramen Vertebral process foramen Virtually all vertebrae have all of these components in common; however, they also have specialized features based on their regions Copyright © 2019, 2023 by Dr. Sean C. McWatt Gilroy, Anatomy: An Essential Textbook, Copyright © 2013 by Thieme  Regional Differences Cervical (7) Thoracic (12) Lumbar (5) Bifid spinous process Superior views Heart- shaped body Sagittal views Heart-shaped body Bifid spinous process Cervical spine manipulation can put The most important the vertebral a. at risk distinguishing features of each Vertebral a. vertebra type are Anterior view highlighted Gilroy, Anatomy: An Essential Textbook, Copyright © 2013 by Thieme  ‘Special’ Vertebrae The most important distinguishing features of each ‘Atlas’ (CI) special vertebra are Atlanto-occipital joint highlighted Anterior Flexion and extension view Sacrum 5 fused vertebrae Superior view ‘Axis’ (CII) Atlanto-axial joints Rotation Coccyx Anterior view 3-5 fused vertebrae Gilroy, Anatomy: An Essential Textbook, Copyright © 2013 by Thieme Surface Anatomy Clinicians use the bony prominences and vertebral levels of the spine to describe the locations of other structures when communicating both visceral and musculoskeletal pathologies See if you can locate these landmarks on yourself or a partner! Axial Skeleton: Thorax  Ribs and Thoracic Joints Posterolateral view TI Costal facet TII TIII Demi-facets Costotransverse TIV joint TV TVI Rib 6 Vertebral TVII bodies Costovertebral TVIII Transverse TVI joint processes Each rib articulates with the TIX Superior view bodies of two adjacent vertebrae in the costovertebral joints and TX TV one transverse process. The rib is Joint cavities numbered according to the TXI Synovial vertebra with which it articulates TXII TVI at the transverse process in a Coronal view costotransverse joint Sagittal view (left) Gilroy, Anatomy: An Essential Textbook, Copyright © 2013 by Thieme Agur and Dalley, Grant’s Atlas of Anatomy, 13th Ed. Copyright © 2013 by Lippincott Williams and Wilkins The Thoracic Cage Superior thoracic aperture 1 Sternum Manubrium ‘Handle’ Body 2 Xiphoid process ‘Straight sword’ 3 Ribs (1 – 12) ‘True’ ribs 4 (1 – 7) Inferior thoracic aperture 5 Costal margin (infrasternal angle) 6 The sternum is the anterior attachment for the ribs, allowing them to encircle the thoracic cavity 7 as they extend anteriorly from the spinal column ‘False’ ribs 8 The superior and inferior thoracic apertures (8, 9, 10) 9 allow for other structures to cross to and from the 11 neck and abdomen, respectively, into the thorax 10 12 ‘Floating’ ribs (11, 12) Anterior view Agur and Dalley, Grant’s Atlas of Anatomy, 13th Ed. Copyright © 2013 by Lippincott Williams and Wilkins Learning Outcomes By now, you should better understand how to… Explain the basics of bone development, structure, and function Use anatomical terminology to identify bony features and use them in surface palpation Describe the basic features and functions of different types of joints Name and describe the major components of the axial and appendicular skeletons Discuss the clinical implications of exercise, aging, and injury on the skeletal system  © [email protected]