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What is the primary function of the skeletal system in domestic animals?
Which bones are categorized as long bones?
Which of the following is NOT a function of bones?
What term describes the process by which true bones are formed?
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Which part of the skeletal system is responsible for protecting the brain and spinal cord?
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How do long bones grow as an animal matures?
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Which type of bones are roughly equal in all dimensions?
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What role do bones play concerning minerals in the body?
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What is a primary function of flat bones?
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Which type of bone is primarily designed to reduce friction and change the direction of pull?
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What role does organic matter play in bones?
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How many thoracic vertebrae are present in a horse?
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Which vertebrae facilitates the nodding movement of the head?
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What are osteoblasts responsible for?
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What is the total number of lumbar vertebrae in goats?
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Which of the following is composed of two plates of compact bone and spongy material?
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What is the primary function of tendons?
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Which region of the vertebral column contains fused bones?
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What gives spongy bone its lightweight structure?
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Which animal has the highest number of caudal vertebrae listed?
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Which of the following accurately describes the coccygeal vertebrae?
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What is the cervical vertebral count for cattle?
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Which type of bone is characterized by containing air spaces or sinuses?
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What layer covers the outer surface of bones?
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How many thoracic vertebrae does a dog have?
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What type of bones include the vertebrae and some unpaired bones of the skull?
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What is the sacral vertebral count for humans?
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Which animal has a unique pygostyle in its caudal vertebrae?
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How many total vertebrae (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and caudal) does a sheep have?
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Which of the following bones is part of the pectoral girdle?
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What is the primary digit used by horses?
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Which of the following is a part of the pelvic girdle?
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In cloven-footed animals, which digits are the principal toes?
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What structure corresponds to the thumb in humans within certain animals?
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Which bone is not part of the fore limbs in the appendicular skeleton?
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What modification do the pectoral girdle and limbs undergo in poultry?
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What are metacarpus and metatarsus referred to in both fore and hind limbs?
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Study Notes
Skeletal System
- The skeletal system provides structure and support for the body.
- It is made up of bones and cartilages.
- Bones are formed by ossification.
- Younger animals have more bones than mature animals due to bone fusion.
- Bones are arranged along the midline (axial skeleton) and in the extremities (appendicular skeleton).
Functions of Bones
- Provides the framework for the animal's body.
- Protects vital organs:
- Skull: protects the nervous system.
- Vertebral column: protects the nervous system.
- Rib cage: protects the heart and lungs.
- Pelvis: protects the urogenital system.
- Acts as levers for muscular activities such as locomotion, defense, offense, and grasping.
- Serves as a storage area for minerals (calcium and phosphorus).
- Site for blood formation within the bone marrow.
Classification of Bones
-
Long bones:
- Longer in one dimension.
- Consists of a shaft (diaphysis), two extremities (epiphyses), and metaphysis.
- Function: levers, support, locomotion, and prehension.
- Examples: humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals, femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsals.
-
Short bones:
- Cuboid or equal in all dimensions.
- Interior composed of spongy bone with marrow spaces.
- Exterior formed by a thin layer of compact bone.
- Function: absorb concussion.
- Examples: carpus and tarsus (hock).
-
Flat bones:
- Thin and expanded in two dimensions.
- Consists of two plates of compact bone (lamina externa and lamina interna) separated by spongy material (diploë).
- Function: protection of vital organs and muscle attachment.
- Examples: skull, scapula, ribs, pelvis.
-
Sesamoid bones:
- Resemble a sesame seed.
- Function: reduce friction, increase leverage, change direction of pull.
- Example: patella (kneecap).
-
Pneumatic bones:
- Contain air spaces or sinuses that communicate with the atmosphere.
- Examples: frontal bones, maxillary bones of the skull, avian bones.
-
Irregular bones:
- Unpaired bones on the median plane.
- Examples: vertebrae, some unpaired bones of the skull.
- Function: protection, support, and muscular attachment.
Composition of Bones
- Bones are living tissues with cells called osteocytes.
- Osteocytes reside in lacunae and are clustered into Harvesian systems.
- Osteoblasts form new bone, while osteoclasts break down old bone.
- The outer covering of the bone is the periosteum.
- Beneath the periosteum is the compact bone containing blood vessels within Harvesian canals.
- Compact bone is reinforced by osteons.
- Inner layer of compact bone is the spongy bone containing traberculae.
- The innermost cavity is filled with bone marrow (red in young animals, yellow in older animals).
- Bones are made up of:
- Organic matter for toughness, elasticity, and resilience.
- Inorganic matter for hardness and rigidity.
Other Structures Associated with Bones
- Ligaments: Connects bones to bones.
- Tendons: Connects muscles to bones.
Axial Skeleton
- Includes bones on or attached to the midline of the body.
- Comprised of the skull, vertebral column, sternum, and ribs.
- Vertebral column:
- Cervical vertebrae: in the neck region (atlas and axis).
- Thoracic vertebrae: in the chest region (long dorsal processes for hump muscles).
- Lumbar vertebrae: in the abdominal region (wide transverse processes for muscle and rider space).
- Sacral vertebrae: in the pelvic region (fused bone).
- Coccygeal or caudal vertebrae: form the tail.
- Poultry: lumbar and sacral vertebrae are fused (lumbosacral vertebrae), coccygeal vertebrae is short (pygostyle).
Appendicular Skeleton
- Composed of bones of the fore and hind legs attached to the shoulder and hip.
- Pectoral girdle (shoulder bone): Scapula, clavicle, coracoid.
- Pelvic girdle (hip bone): Ilium, ischium, pubis.
- Pectoral limbs (fore limbs): Humerus, radius, ulna, carpus, metacarpus, phalanges.
- Pelvic limbs (hind limbs): Femur, tibia, fibula, tarsus, metatarsus, phalanges.
- Poultry: pectoral girdle and limbs are modified into wings.
- Dewclaws: present as the first digit in dogs and cats, second and fifth in cattle, sheep and goats.
- Cattle, sheep, and goats: have cloven hooves with 3rd and 4th digits as principal toes.
- Horses: have a single hoof with the 3rd digit being the principal one.
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Description
Test your knowledge of the skeletal system in domestic animals with this quiz. Explore the functions of bones, types of bones, and the anatomy that protects vital organs. Challenge yourself with questions on growth, mineral roles, and specific vertebrae in various animals.
