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Questions and Answers
What are the functions of the skeletal system? (Select all that apply)
What type of cartilage is found at the ends of bones where they form joints?
Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage is found in the skeletal system.
False
What is stored in the medullary cavity of a long bone?
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Long bones function as ______.
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Which of the following is a type of short bone?
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Match the following types of bones with their descriptions:
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Which bone is the only common sesamoid bone in every person?
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What is the outer covering of a bone called?
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Study Notes
Skeletal System Functions
- Provides structural support for the human body
- Enables movement through muscle attachments
- Protects internal organs
- Stores minerals like calcium within bone
- Houses energy reserves in the form of adipose in yellow bone marrow
- Produces blood cells in red bone marrow
Bone Functions
- Serve as attachment points for muscles
- Protect internal organs
- Store calcium and other minerals
- Produce blood cells within red bone marrow
- Store adipose tissue within yellow bone marrow
Cartilage
- Contributes to the skeletal system
- Elastic cartilage is not found in the skeletal system
- Hyaline cartilage is found at the ends of bones where they form joints
- Hyaline cartilage helps bones glide smoothly during movement
- Loss of hyaline cartilage can lead to osteoarthritis
- Fibrocartilage is found between vertebrae, within the knee, and the pubic symphysis
Bone Anatomy
- The periosteum covers the surface of bones
- Compact bone forms a protective outer shell
- Spongy bone contains red bone marrow responsible for blood cell production
- The medullary cavity contains yellow bone marrow, which stores fat
- Articular cartilage, composed of hyaline cartilage, is found at joints to reduce friction
Bone Classification
- Bones are categorized primarily by their shape
Long Bones
- Longer than they are wide
- Function as levers for movement
- Examples include the humerus, femur, ulna, and tibia
Common Long Bone Structures
- Epiphysis: End of the long bone
- Diaphysis: Shaft of the long bone
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Metaphysis: Region between the epiphysis and diaphysis
- Site of the epiphyseal plate/line responsible for bone growth
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Medullary cavity: Hollow space within the diaphysis
- Contains yellow bone marrow
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Articular cartilage: Layer of hyaline cartilage at the ends of bones
- Minimizes friction during joint movement
Common Long Bone Structures
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Periosteum: Dense irregular connective tissue covering the bone surface
- Contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels
- Provides attachment sites for tendons and ligaments via perforating fibers
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Endosteum: Dense irregular connective tissue lining the medullary cavity
- Contains cells contributing to bone growth
Periosteum
- Acts as an attachment point for tendons and ligaments
- Collagen fibers from tendons weave into the periosteum, anchoring muscle to bone
Articular Cartilage
- Located at the ends of long bones within joints
- Composed of hyaline cartilage
- Reduces friction and acts as a shock absorber
Short and Flat Bones
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Short bones: Cube-like with roughly equal length, width, and thickness
- Provide stability and support
- Examples: Carpal bones (wrist), Tarsal bones (ankle)
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Flat bones: Usually thin, but can be curved
- Provide protection for internal organs
- Examples: Cranial bones (skull), Sternum, Ribs, Scapula
Flat Bones
- Composed of a layer of spongy bone sandwiched between two layers of compact bone
- Help protect internal organs (e.g., skull, ribs)
- Spongy bone contains red bone marrow
Irregular and Sesamoid Bones
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Irregular bones: Complex shapes without a readily defined form
- Examples: Vertebrae, Facial bones
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Sesamoid bones: Small, round bones found within tendons or ligaments
- Protect tendons from compressive force
- Example: Patella (kneecap)
Sesamoid Bones
- Small, round bones embedded within tendons or ligaments
- Develop over time due to friction
- Help protect tendons from wear and tear
- Commonly found in tendons of the feet, hands, and knees
- The patella is the only common sesamoid bone in every person
Bone Markings
- Distinctive surface features of bones
- Articulating surfaces: Areas where two bones meet
- Depressions: Sunken portions of a bone
- Projections: Structures that extend above the bone surface
- Holes and spaces: Openings or grooves within the bone
Articulating Surfaces
- Condyle: Rounded surface
- Facet: Flat surface
- Head: Prominent, rounded surface
- Trochlea: Rounded, articulating surface
Depressions
- Fossa: Elongated basin
- Sulcus: Groove
Projections
- Crest: Ridge
- Epicondyle: Projection off a condyle
- Line: Slight, elongated ridge
- Process: Prominent feature
- Ramus: Long projection (branch)
Projections
- Spine: Sharp process
- Trochanter: Rough, rounded projection
- Tubercle: Small, rounded process
- Tuberosity: Rough surface
Holes and Spaces
- Canal: Passageway within bone
- Fissure: Slit through bone
- Foramen: Hole through bone
- Meatus: Opening into a canal
- Sinus: Air-filled space within bone
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Description
Test your knowledge on the functions and anatomy of the skeletal system, including bone and cartilage roles. This quiz covers everything from structural support to blood cell production and the importance of cartilage in joint function. Perfect for biology students studying human anatomy.
