Podcast
Questions and Answers
How many bones are in the human body?
How many bones are in the human body?
206
What are the four classifications of bones?
What are the four classifications of bones?
- Long (correct)
- Flat (correct)
- Short (correct)
- Irregular (correct)
- Sesamoid (correct)
What is the outer covering of a bone that is composed of a dense, fibrous membrane?
What is the outer covering of a bone that is composed of a dense, fibrous membrane?
Periosteum
What is the axial skeleton composed of?
What is the axial skeleton composed of?
What is the appendicular skeleton composed of?
What is the appendicular skeleton composed of?
What are long bones characterized by?
What are long bones characterized by?
What shape are short bones, and where are they typically found?
What shape are short bones, and where are they typically found?
What characterizes flat bones?
What characterizes flat bones?
What are irregular bones?
What are irregular bones?
Where is calcium primarily stored in the body?
Where is calcium primarily stored in the body?
What does osteoblastic activity refer to?
What does osteoblastic activity refer to?
What does osteoclastic activity refer to?
What does osteoclastic activity refer to?
What is intramembranous ossification?
What is intramembranous ossification?
What is endochondral ossification?
What is endochondral ossification?
What part of a long bone is responsible for the production of red blood cells?
What part of a long bone is responsible for the production of red blood cells?
What aspect of the bone is essential for growth, repair, and nutrition?
What aspect of the bone is essential for growth, repair, and nutrition?
What is the wider portion of a long bone where bone growth occurs called?
What is the wider portion of a long bone where bone growth occurs called?
What are the functional classifications of joints?
What are the functional classifications of joints?
What are the structural classifications of joints?
What are the structural classifications of joints?
What is true about fibrous joints?
What is true about fibrous joints?
What characterizes cartilaginous joints?
What characterizes cartilaginous joints?
What are synovial joints known for?
What are synovial joints known for?
What type of movement does the plane joint allow?
What type of movement does the plane joint allow?
What is a ginglymus joint commonly known as?
What is a ginglymus joint commonly known as?
What kind of movement is associated with a trochoid joint?
What kind of movement is associated with a trochoid joint?
What movement does an ellipsoid joint allow?
What movement does an ellipsoid joint allow?
What is characteristic of a sellar joint?
What is characteristic of a sellar joint?
What is the movement allowed by spheroidal joints?
What is the movement allowed by spheroidal joints?
What is the movement of bicondylar joints?
What is the movement of bicondylar joints?
What does arthrology refer to?
What does arthrology refer to?
What portion of a long bone is responsible for the production of red blood cells?
What portion of a long bone is responsible for the production of red blood cells?
What type of tissue covers the ends of long bones?
What type of tissue covers the ends of long bones?
What is the narrow space between the inner and outer table of flat bones in the cranium called?
What is the narrow space between the inner and outer table of flat bones in the cranium called?
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Study Notes
Bone Anatomy Overview
- Humans possess a total of 206 bones.
Classification of Bones
- Four main types:
- Long Bones: Include humerus, femur, tibia; facilitate movement.
- Short Bones: Cuboidal shape; found in wrists (carpals) and ankles (tarsals).
- Flat Bones: Composed of two layers of compact bone with marrow in between; examples include skull and sternum.
- Irregular Bones: Unique shapes; includes vertebrae and pelvis.
- Sesamoid Bones: Specialized bones embedded in tendons (not always listed traditionally).
Skeletal Structure
- The Axial Skeleton includes 80 bones: head, face, spine, rib cage, sternum, sacrum, coccyx.
- The Appendicular Skeleton consists of 126 bones: upper and lower extremities, shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle.
Bone Structure and Function
- Periosteum: The dense, fibrous outer covering of bones, important for growth and repair.
- Medullary Aspect: Area in long bones responsible for red blood cell production, located in the bone marrow.
- Metaphysis: A wider area in long bones where growth occurs.
Calcium Storage
- 99% of the body's calcium is stored in bones and teeth, with 1% in the blood.
Bone Cells
- Osteoblasts: Cells that build new bone; located on the outer surface of bones.
- Osteoclasts: Cells that break down old bone; found inside the bone.
Ossification Processes
- Intramembranous Ossification: Rapid bone development primarily occurring at the diaphysis; essential for protective bones like cranial sutures.
- Endochondral Ossification: Slower process affecting epiphyses; predominant in long bones.
Joint Classifications
-
Functional Classifications:
- Synarthrosis: Immovable joints.
- Amphiarthrosis: Slightly movable joints.
- Diarthrosis: Freely movable joints.
-
Structural Classifications:
- Fibrous Joints: No joint cavity; subtypes include syndesmosis, suture, and gomphoses.
- Cartilaginous Joints: No joint cavity; examples include symphyses and synchondroses.
- Synovial Joints: Freely movable; seven types, featuring a joint cavity.
Types of Synovial Joints
- Plane Joints: Allow gliding movements; e.g., carpal joints.
- Ginglymus (Hinge) Joints: Permit flexion and extension; e.g., elbow.
- Trochoid (Pivot) Joints: Allow rotational movement; e.g., cervical vertebrae.
- Ellipsoid (Condyloid) Joints: Enable flexion, extension, and circular movements; e.g., fingers at MCP joints.
- Sellar (Saddle) Joints: Permit various movements; e.g., thumb.
- Spheroidal (Ball & Socket) Joints: Allow extensive movement; e.g., shoulder and hip.
- Bicondylar Joints: Movement in one direction with some rotation; e.g., knee.
Additional Notes
- Arthrology: The study and classification of joints.
- Hyaline or Articular Cartilage: Covers the ends of long bones, reducing friction in joints.
- Diploe: The narrow space between the inner and outer tables of flat bones in the skull.
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