Bone Anatomy Chapter 1 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

How many bones are in the human body?

206

What are the four classifications of bones?

Long (correct)

Flat (correct)

Short (correct)

Irregular (correct)

Sesamoid (correct)

What is the outer covering of a bone that is composed of a dense, fibrous membrane?

Periosteum

What is the axial skeleton composed of?

80 bones including the head/face, spine, ribs, sternum, sacrum, and coccyx Signup and view all the answers

What is the appendicular skeleton composed of?

126 bones including upper and lower extremities, shoulder, pelvic bones, and sesamoid bones Signup and view all the answers

What are long bones characterized by?

A body called diaphysis Signup and view all the answers

What shape are short bones, and where are they typically found?

Cuboidal; found in wrists and ankles Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes flat bones?

Two plates of compact bone with marrow in between Signup and view all the answers

What are irregular bones?

Bones such as vertebrae, facial bones, base of the cranium, pelvis, and coccyx Signup and view all the answers

Where is calcium primarily stored in the body?

99% in bones and teeth; 1% in blood Signup and view all the answers

What does osteoblastic activity refer to?

Building up new bone outside of the bone Signup and view all the answers

What does osteoclastic activity refer to?

Eating up old bone inside the bone Signup and view all the answers

What is intramembranous ossification?

A growth center in diaphysis; happens rapidly, particularly in bones needed for protection Signup and view all the answers

What is endochondral ossification?

Occurs in epiphysis; slower than intramembranous, especially in long bones Signup and view all the answers

What part of a long bone is responsible for the production of red blood cells?

Medullary aspect Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of the bone is essential for growth, repair, and nutrition?

Periosteum Signup and view all the answers

What is the wider portion of a long bone where bone growth occurs called?

Metaphysis Signup and view all the answers

What are the functional classifications of joints?

Synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis Signup and view all the answers

What are the structural classifications of joints?

Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial Signup and view all the answers

What is true about fibrous joints?

They lack a joint cavity; types include syndesmosis, suture, gomphoses Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes cartilaginous joints?

They lack a joint cavity and are held together by cartilage; types include symphyses and synchondroses Signup and view all the answers

What are synovial joints known for?

They are generally freely movable with seven types including plane, ginglymus, and more Signup and view all the answers

What type of movement does the plane joint allow?

Gliding, sliding Signup and view all the answers

What is a ginglymus joint commonly known as?

Hinge joint Signup and view all the answers

What kind of movement is associated with a trochoid joint?

Rotational Signup and view all the answers

What movement does an ellipsoid joint allow?

Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, circumduction Signup and view all the answers

What is characteristic of a sellar joint?

It allows for flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, circumduction Signup and view all the answers

What is the movement allowed by spheroidal joints?

Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, circumduction, medial, lateral Signup and view all the answers

What is the movement of bicondylar joints?

One direction with limited rotation Signup and view all the answers

What does arthrology refer to?

Classification of joints Signup and view all the answers

What portion of a long bone is responsible for the production of red blood cells?

Spongy or cancellous bone Signup and view all the answers

What type of tissue covers the ends of long bones?

Hyaline or articular cartilage Signup and view all the answers

What is the narrow space between the inner and outer table of flat bones in the cranium called?

Diploe Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Bone Anatomy Overview

Humans possess a total of 206 bones.

Classification of Bones

Four main types:
- Long Bones: Include humerus, femur, tibia; facilitate movement.
- Short Bones: Cuboidal shape; found in wrists (carpals) and ankles (tarsals).
- Flat Bones: Composed of two layers of compact bone with marrow in between; examples include skull and sternum.
- Irregular Bones: Unique shapes; includes vertebrae and pelvis.
- Sesamoid Bones: Specialized bones embedded in tendons (not always listed traditionally).

Skeletal Structure

The Axial Skeleton includes 80 bones: head, face, spine, rib cage, sternum, sacrum, coccyx.
The Appendicular Skeleton consists of 126 bones: upper and lower extremities, shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle.

Bone Structure and Function

Periosteum: The dense, fibrous outer covering of bones, important for growth and repair.
Medullary Aspect: Area in long bones responsible for red blood cell production, located in the bone marrow.
Metaphysis: A wider area in long bones where growth occurs.

Calcium Storage

99% of the body's calcium is stored in bones and teeth, with 1% in the blood.

Bone Cells

Osteoblasts: Cells that build new bone; located on the outer surface of bones.
Osteoclasts: Cells that break down old bone; found inside the bone.

Ossification Processes

Intramembranous Ossification: Rapid bone development primarily occurring at the diaphysis; essential for protective bones like cranial sutures.
Endochondral Ossification: Slower process affecting epiphyses; predominant in long bones.

Joint Classifications

Functional Classifications:
- Synarthrosis: Immovable joints.
- Amphiarthrosis: Slightly movable joints.
- Diarthrosis: Freely movable joints.
Structural Classifications:
- Fibrous Joints: No joint cavity; subtypes include syndesmosis, suture, and gomphoses.
- Cartilaginous Joints: No joint cavity; examples include symphyses and synchondroses.
- Synovial Joints: Freely movable; seven types, featuring a joint cavity.

Types of Synovial Joints

Plane Joints: Allow gliding movements; e.g., carpal joints.
Ginglymus (Hinge) Joints: Permit flexion and extension; e.g., elbow.
Trochoid (Pivot) Joints: Allow rotational movement; e.g., cervical vertebrae.
Ellipsoid (Condyloid) Joints: Enable flexion, extension, and circular movements; e.g., fingers at MCP joints.
Sellar (Saddle) Joints: Permit various movements; e.g., thumb.
Spheroidal (Ball & Socket) Joints: Allow extensive movement; e.g., shoulder and hip.
Bicondylar Joints: Movement in one direction with some rotation; e.g., knee.

Additional Notes

Arthrology: The study and classification of joints.
Hyaline or Articular Cartilage: Covers the ends of long bones, reducing friction in joints.
Diploe: The narrow space between the inner and outer tables of flat bones in the skull.

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Test your knowledge of bone anatomy with these flashcards covering key concepts including the number of bones in the human body and classifications of bones. This quiz will help reinforce your understanding of the skeletal system and its components.