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What is the purpose of the chapter on the axial skeleton?
What is the purpose of the chapter on the axial skeleton?
To discuss the axial division of the skeletal system and highlight the bones and structures related to it.
Which of the following bones are part of the axial skeleton? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following bones are part of the axial skeleton? (Select all that apply)
How many bones make up the axial skeleton?
How many bones make up the axial skeleton?
80 bones
How many bones are there in the skull?
How many bones are there in the skull?
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Name the two groups that the bones of the skull are divided into.
Name the two groups that the bones of the skull are divided into.
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Match the following components of the thoracic cage with their descriptions:
Match the following components of the thoracic cage with their descriptions:
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What are intervertebral discs?
What are intervertebral discs?
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Which skeleton forms the vertical, central axis of the body?
Which skeleton forms the vertical, central axis of the body?
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How many bones make up the Appendicular Skeleton?
How many bones make up the Appendicular Skeleton?
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Which of the following bones is NOT part of the cranial bones?
Which of the following bones is NOT part of the cranial bones?
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The _______ bone forms the forehead.
The _______ bone forms the forehead.
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What forms the posterior skull and base of the cranial cavity?
What forms the posterior skull and base of the cranial cavity?
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What is the only movable bone of the skull?
What is the only movable bone of the skull?
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The nasal bones form the upper jaw.
The nasal bones form the upper jaw.
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Match the following bones to their descriptions:
Match the following bones to their descriptions:
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What do sutures do?
What do sutures do?
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The _______ cavity contains the brain.
The _______ cavity contains the brain.
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Which bones contribute to the orbit?
Which bones contribute to the orbit?
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Study Notes
Purpose of the Chapter
- Explores the axial division of the skeletal system, differentiating it from the appendicular skeleton.
- Reviews bones and structures of the axial skeleton: skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage.
Chapter Objectives
- Axial vs. Appendicular Skeleton: Understand major bones in each division.
- Skull Features: Identify bones, sutures, sinuses, and developmental changes.
- Vertebral Column: Describe structure, curvatures, individual vertebrae, and joints.
- Thoracic Cage: Recognize components of sternum and types of ribs.
Divisions of the Skeletal System
- The Axial Skeleton consists of 80 bones forming the body's central vertical axis, crucial for protecting internal organs and facilitating movement.
- Major components include the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum.
- The Appendicular Skeleton comprises 126 bones responsible for upper and lower extremity movement and attachment to the axial skeleton.
The Skull
- Composed of 22 bones split into:
- Cranial Bones: Protect the brain.
- Facial Bones: Form the facial structure.
- Cranial Cavity: Contains the brain; other cavities reduce skull weight and aid voice resonance.
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Cranial Bones Include:
- Frontal (1), Parietal (2), Occipital (1), Temporal (2), Sphenoid (1), Ethmoid (1).
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Facial Bones Include:
- Mandible (1), Maxillae (2), Lacrimal (2), Nasal (2), Palatine (2), Zygomatic (2), Inferior Nasal Conchae (2), Vomer (1).
Bony Markings of the Frontal Bone
- Frontal Bone: Forms the forehead.
- Key markings: glabella, supraorbital margin, and other anatomical features integral to understanding skull structure.
The Vertebral Column
- Includes multiple regions and curvatures that contribute to the overall structure and function of the spine.
- Major markers include vertebral spines and foramina significant for spinal cord passage.
Thoracic Cage
- Consists of the sternum and ribs, protecting vital organs and facilitating respiratory movement.
- Ribs categorized into:
- True Ribs: Directly attached to the sternum.
- False Ribs: Indirectly attached.
- Floating Ribs: Do not attach to the sternum.
These points summarize the key concepts and structures of the axial skeleton, aiding in the understanding of human anatomy related to this chapter.
Divisions of the Skeletal System
- The skeletal system is divided into the Axial Skeleton and the Appendicular Skeleton.
- The Axial Skeleton serves as the central axis of the body, protecting internal organs and supporting movement, involved in functions like breathing.
- Comprised of 80 bones, the Axial Skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum.
- The Appendicular Skeleton consists of bones that form the limbs and connect them to the axial skeleton, containing 126 bones. Further details are expanded in Chapter 9.
The Skull
- The skull comprises 22 bones categorized into cranial and facial bones.
- Cranial bones protect the brain, while facial bones form structures such as the face, nasal cavity, mouth, and orbit.
- The cranial cavity, housing the brain, and cavities within the skull assist in reducing weight and enhancing voice resonance.
- The cranial bones: frontal (1), parietal (2), occipital (1), temporal (2), sphenoid (1), and ethmoid (1).
- Facial bones include the mandible (1), maxillae (2), lacrimal (2), nasal (2), palatine (2), zygomatic (2), inferior nasal conchae (2), and vomer (1).
Significant Bones and Markings
- Frontal Bone: Forms the forehead with key features like the glabella and supraorbital margin.
- Parietal Bones: Located on the superior lateral skull sides.
- Occipital Bone: At the back of the skull, identified by markings such as the foramen magnum and occipital condyles.
- Temporal Bones: Form lateral skull sides, featuring structures like the external acoustic meatus and zygomatic process.
- Sphenoid Bone: Forms the base of the skull and part of the temples, marked by greater and lesser wings.
- Ethmoid Bone: Contributes to the orbit and nasal cavity, noted for the crista galli and olfactory foramina.
Facial Structure and Features
- Mandible: The movable lower jaw with notable features including the body and mandibular condyle.
- Maxillary Bone: Forms the upper jaw and part of the orbit with features like alveolar processes.
- Lacrimal Bones: Part of the orbit, hosting lacrimal glands for tear secretion.
- Palatine Bones: Form the hard palate's posterior section and part of the orbit.
- Zygomatic Bones: Known as cheekbones, contribute to the orbit's lateral part and form the zygomatic arch with the temporal bones.
- Vomer: Contributes to the nasal septum, while nasal bones form the nose's bony bridge.
- Inferior Nasal Conchae: Help warm, filter, and moisten air in the nasal cavity.
Sutures and Their Functions
- Sutures are immovable joints connecting cranial bones, filled with fibrous connective tissue.
- Key sutures include:
- Sagittal Suture: Connects parietal bones.
- Coronal Suture: Connects frontal bone to parietal bones.
- Lambdoid Suture: Connects parietal bones to occipital bone.
- Squamous Suture: Joins parietal and temporal bones.
Additional Bone Structures
- Orbit: Protects the eyeball and extraocular muscles, formed by the frontal, zygomatic, maxilla, ethmoid, lacrimal, palatine, and sphenoid bones.
- Nasal Septum: Divides the nasal cavity, formed by the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid, vomer, and septal cartilage.
- Paranasal Sinuses: Hollow spaces within skull bones, contributing to resonance and reducing skull weight.
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Description
This quiz explores the axial division of the skeletal system and its differences from the appendicular skeleton. You'll review key bones and structures, including the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage, while ensuring a thorough understanding of their features and functions.
