Skeletal Anatomy Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Match the following spinal components with their characteristics:

Intervertebral Disc = Shock absorbing function & flexibility Nucleus Pulposus = Soft, pulpy, yellowish elastic material Anulus Fibrosus = Concentric ring of fibrous tissue Disc Dehydration = Loss of height in elderly

Match the following types of fractures with their characteristics:

Fracture Hematoma = Formation of a blood clot at fracture site Formation of Callus = Fibrocartilage forms in the callus Remodeling = Excess material is removed Trabeculae Formation = Forms about 1.5 weeks after a fracture

Match the following bone conditions with their descriptions:

Osteomalacia = Poor mineralization due to vitamin D deficiency Bony Spur = Abnormal projection on a bone from overgrowth Osteoporosis = Rapid resorption leads to thin compact bone Paget’s Disease = Malformation of bone tissue due to deposition and resorption

Match the following curvatures with their types:

Thoracic Curvature = Primary curvature Sacral Curvature = Primary curvature Cervical Curvature = Secondary curvature Lumbar Curvature = Secondary curvature Signup and view all the answers

Match the following conditions with their symptoms:

Osteogenesis Imperfecta = Brittle bones due to collagen mutation Osteoporosis = Increased risk of fractures in elderly women Osteomalacia = Linked to low vitamin D levels Bony Spur = Caused by abnormal bone growth Signup and view all the answers

Match the following bones of the skull with their corresponding descriptions:

Frontal bone = Forehead region of the skull Mandible = Only movable bone of the skull Zygomatic bone = Cheekbone Occipital bone = Forms the back and base of the skull Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of skull fractures with their characteristics:

Linear fracture = Simple crack in the bone Depressed fracture = Bone fragments pushed inwards Diastatic fracture = Separation of sutures Basilar fracture = Involvement of the skull base Signup and view all the answers

Match the cranial sutures with their locations:

Coronal suture = Between frontal and parietal bones Lambdoid suture = Between occipital and parietal bones Squamous suture = Between temporal and parietal bones Sagittal suture = Between the two parietal bones Signup and view all the answers

Match the components of the sutural ligament with their descriptions:

Periosteum = Outer fibrous layer covering bone Dense fibrous connective tissue = Holds bones tightly together Marginal bone growth = Continuous growth of bone edges Synostosis = Ossified or fused suture Signup and view all the answers

Match the following bones with their classifications in the human skull:

Neurocranium = Consists of 8 bones Viscerocranium = Consists of 14 bones Maxilla = Facial bone Sphenoid = Part of the cranial base Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of joint found in cranial sutures with their characteristics:

Fibrous joint = Permits minimal movement Synarthrosis = Immovable joint type Cartilaginous joint = Allows slight movement Synovial joint = Freely movable joint type Signup and view all the answers

Match the components related to plagiocephaly with their descriptions:

Cranial sutures = Involved in skull shape changes Synostosis = Condition where bones fuse prematurely Fontanelles = Soft spots in an infant's skull Sutural ligaments = Provide stability between bones Signup and view all the answers

Match the cranial bones with their features:

Temporal bone = Contains structures for hearing Lacrimal bone = Contains the tear duct Ethmoid bone = Contributes to nasal structure Vomer bone = Forms part of the nasal septum Signup and view all the answers

Match the vertebral regions with their respective number of vertebrae:

Cervical = 7 Thoracic = 12 Lumbar = 5 Sacral = 5 (fused) Signup and view all the answers

Match the function of the vertebrae with the descriptions:

Bears weight = Transferral of weight to pelvic girdle Supports the head = Maintains posture and stability Allows movement = Articulates and enables motion Protection = Encloses spinal cord and major blood vessels Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of vertebral processes with their functions:

Transverse process = Muscle attachment and movement Spinous process = Can be felt through the skin Articular processes = Restrict movement Pedicle = Lateral wall of the vertebral arch Signup and view all the answers

Match the clinical conditions with their descriptions:

Ankylosing spondylitis = Inflammation making vertebral column rigid Whiplash = Sudden forceful movement of head Cervical injury above C4 = May lead to diaphragm paralysis Thoracic injury = May result in paraplegia Signup and view all the answers

Match the vertebral parts with their characteristics:

Vertebral body = Function: Supports body weight Vertebral arch = Protects the spinal cord Vertebral foramen = Houses spinal cord, roots, and vessels Laminae = Forms the posterior walls of the arch Signup and view all the answers

Match the vertebral sizes with their locations:

Cervical vertebrae = Smallest in size Thoracic vertebrae = Progressively larger Lumbar vertebrae = Largest in the spine Coccyx = Progressively smaller towards its end Signup and view all the answers

Match the cervical vertebrae with their descriptions:

C1 (Atlas) = Accommodates the skull C2 (Axis) = Allows head rotation C7 = Not bifid spinous process All Cervicals = Greatest range of movement Signup and view all the answers

Match the functions of the vertebrae with their impact on the body:

Bears weight = Vital for balance and posture Allows movement = Enables daily activities Supports the head = Essential for vision and balance Protection = Safeguards the spinal cord from injury Signup and view all the answers

Match the spinal cord injury outcomes with their locations:

Above C4 = Sudden death due to diaphragm paralysis Below C4 = Quadraplegia Thoracic region = Paraplegia Lumbar region = Variable sensory/motor loss in legs Signup and view all the answers

Match the following cervical vertebrae features with their descriptions:

Atlas (C1) = No body or spinous process, paired lateral masses Axis (C2) = Strongest cervical vertebra, pivot for head movement Transverse ligament = Holds the dens in place Odontoid process (dens) = Rises perpendicularly from the body of C2 Signup and view all the answers

Match the following thoracic vertebrae characteristics with their functions:

T1-T12 = Provide attachment for ribs Articular facets = Allow greatest degree of rotation Heart-shaped body = Supports more body weight than cervical vertebrae Overlapping spines = Contributes to stability in upper back Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components of the Costovertebral Joint with their descriptions:

Tubercle = Articulates with the transverse processes of vertebrae Head = Connects with two adjacent vertebrae facets Plane synovial joints = Type of joint formed between ribs and vertebrae Radiate ligament = Strengthens the joint between rib head and vertebrae Signup and view all the answers

Match the following vertebral features with their descriptions:

Transverse processes = More laterally placed in C1 Condyloid joints = Permit nodding of the head Groove for vertebral artery = Located on the atlas Widest vertebrae = Increased leverage for attached muscles Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of joints with their respective characteristics:

Costovertebral joint = Connects ribs with thoracic vertebrae bodies Lateral atlantoaxial joint = Allows side-to-side movement of the head Condyloid joint = Facilitates nodding movements Radiate ligament = Strengthens the connection at the rib head Signup and view all the answers

Match the following cervical vertebrae with their specific features:

Atlas (C1) = Paired lateral masses, arch Axis (C2) = Strong odontoid process Cervical vertebrae = Typically have smaller bodies C1 and C2 = Facilitate unique head movements Signup and view all the answers

Match the following descriptions with their respective features of the thoracic vertebrae:

Heart-shaped body = Characterizes the thoracic region Descending size = Increase from T1 to T12 Partial facets = Presence on bodies for rib articulation Circular foramen = Less than in lumbo-sacral region Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms used in vertebral anatomy with their definitions:

Odontoid process = Another name for the dens Groove for vertebral artery = Located on the atlas Iliocostalis muscles = Not mentioned but involved in spinal support Articular facets = When oriented allow various movements Signup and view all the answers

Match the following anatomical features with their related vertebrae:

Rib head = Articulates with thoracic vertebrae Neck of the rib = Connects rib head to tubercle Transverse processes = Important for rib articulation Condyloid joints = Relevant to cervical vertebrae movements Signup and view all the answers

Match the following vertebrae structures with their descriptions:

Lumbar Vertebrae = Largest of the vertebrae with kidney-shaped body Sacrum = 5 fused vertebrae forming a wedge-shaped bone Coccyx = 4 terminal bones fused to stabilize sitting person Pedicle = Bony structure connecting vertebra body to the arch Signup and view all the answers

Match the following joints with their associated vertebral structures:

Costovertebral joint = Articulates with vertebrae and ribs Sacrococcygeal joint = Joint between sacrum and coccyx Lumbosacral joint = Joint between last lumbar vertebra and sacrum Sacroiliac joint = Joint between sacrum and ilium Signup and view all the answers

Match the following ligaments with their specific functions:

Lateral costotransverse ligament = Reinforces articulation of tubercle Superior costotransverse ligament = Supports rib head articulation Intra-articular ligament of head of rib = Stabilizes rib in costovertebral joint Costotransverse ligament = Connects rib tubercle to transverse process Signup and view all the answers

Match the following features of lumbar vertebrae with their characteristics:

Sturdy spinous process = Allows for muscle attachment Concave anterior surface = Characteristic of the sacrum Some individuals have four = Refers to lumbar vertebra count variation Do not overlap = Describes the structure of lumbar spinous processes Signup and view all the answers

Match the following descriptions with the correct anatomical features:

Promontory = Protrudes into pelvic cavity Foramina = Passage of nerves in sacral region Coccydynia = Pain in coccygeal region Tailbone = Common name for coccyx Signup and view all the answers

Match the following anatomical terms with their definitions:

Inf. articular process = Located inferior to each vertebra Sup. articular process = Located superior to each vertebra Transverse process = Projects laterally from vertebrae Vertebral foramen = Central opening housing the spinal cord Signup and view all the answers

Match the following clinical terms with their implications:

Coccydynia = Pain following a fall onto buttocks Fracture dislocation = Common in sacrococcygeal joint Brusing = Common result of trauma to coccyx Stabilises sitting person = Function of coccyx Signup and view all the answers

Match the following structures with their respective regions:

Lumbar region = Lower back area with largest vertebrae Sacrum = Wedge-shaped bone at the base of vertebral column Coccyx = Also known as tailbone Transverse process = Extension of vertebrae on lateral side Signup and view all the answers

Match the following bones/parts to their features:

Coccyx = 4 fused terminal bones Sacrum = Articulates with L5 Lumbar Vertebrae = Some individuals may have four or six Pelvic cavity = Contains the promontory of sacrum Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

The Skull

The skull is comprised of 22 bones.
Eight bones form the neurocranium.
Fourteen bones form the viscerocranium.
There are four classifications for skull fractures: linear fracture, depressed fracture, diastatic fracture, and basilar fracture.
Compound fractures are injuries when all layers are lacerated.

Sutures

Sutures are thin layers of dense fibrous connective tissue found between bones.
In adults sutures are visible as seams between skull bones.
In newborns, sutures are linear attachments of fibrous tissue and include six fontanelles.
Sutural ligaments consist of two layers of periosteum and dense fibrous connective tissue.
Synostosis is the ossified suture.
Cranial sutures are categorized as syndesmosis joints, functionally Synarthrosis.
Plagiocephaly is an abnormal head shape and can be caused by craniosynostosis.

Vertebral Column

The vertebral column is composed of 33 vertebrae and is the axis of the axial skeleton.
The vertebral column consists of 7 cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic vertebrae, 5 lumbar vertebrae, 5 fused sacral vertebrae in adults, and 3 to 5 fused coccygeal vertebrae.
The vertebrae become larger as they descend towards the sacrum, becoming smaller towards the coccyx.
The vertebral column has many functions:
- Bears weight
- Supports the head
- Allows for movement of the body
- Point of attachment for ribs
- Protects the spinal cord, thoracic duct, descending aorta, vena cava, and the esophagus
- Helps maintain posture
Whiplash is a sudden, forceful movement of the head in the posterior direction.
Ankylosing spondylitis is an inflammation of the vertebral column joints, making the vertebral column rigid.

Typical Vertebrae

Each vertebrae consists of a vertebral body, vertebral arch, and seven processes.
The vertebral body, situated anteriorly, supports the body's weight.
The vertebral arch, situated posteriorly, protects the spinal cord by encasing the vertebral foramen.
The pedicles are the lateral walls of the vertebral arch.
The laminae are the posterior walls of the vertebral arch.
The processes are:
- Two transverse processes for muscle attachment and movement.
- One spinous process for muscle attachment and movement that can be felt through the skin.
- Four articular processes that restrict movement (two superior, two inferior).

Cervical Vertebrae

Forms the skeleton of the neck and are the smallest vertebrae.
The vertebral body is short, square-shaped, concave superiorly, and convex inferiorly.
The vertebral foramen is triangular in shape.
The spinal process is short and bifid (except for C7).
The vertebral arch is more laterally placed.
C1 and C2 are specialized to accommodate the skull.

Atlas (C1)

The Atlas is an atypical vertebra.
Is the first cervical vertebrae, lacking a body and spinous process.
Its transverse processes are more laterally placed.
It forms a ring of bone supporting the skull, with paired lateral masses, forming occipital condyles.
It’s the widest vertebra because of muscle attachment.
It permits nodding of the head as a result of condyloid joints.

Axis (C2)

The Axis is the strongest cervical vertebrae.
The odontoid process, also called the dens, rises perpendicularly from the upper surface of the body.
The dens serves as a pivot for C1 to move the head side-to-side.
It forms the lateral atlantoaxial joint.
The dens is held in place by the transverse ligament.

Thoracic Vertebrae

Forms the upper back and provides attachment for the ribs.
They are the largest vertebrae to support more body weight.
The vertebral body is heart-shaped, and the foramen is circular.
It contains spinous processes that overlap.
The bodies of the ribs articulate with the superior and inferior facets, as well as the transverse processes.

Costovertebral Joint

The costovertebral joint connects ribs with the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae.
This is a plane, synovial joint.
The head of the rib is connected to two adjacent vertebrae, with exceptions.
The tubercle of the rib is connected to the transverse process of the adjacent vertebrae.
The radiate ligaments strengthen the connection of the head of the rib.
The internal ligament divides the joint in two.
The lateral and superior costotransverse ligaments strengthen the articulation of the tubercle.

Lumbar Vertebrae

The lumbar vertebrae form the lower back.
It is the largest vertebrae with a concave, kidney-shaped body.
It has a short and sturdy spinous process for muscle attachment that doesn't overlap.

Sacrum

The sacrum is formed by five fused vertebrae.
It is wedge shaped with a concave anterior surface.
It articulates with L5 superiorly, the ilium laterally, and the coccyx inferiorly.
It contains foramen for nerve passage.

Coccyx

The coccyx, also known as the tailbone, is formed from four bones fused together.
It is important to note that the coccyx is often injured during childbirth.
Pain in the coccygeal region (coccydynia) can also be caused by falls.

Intervertebral Disc

The intervertebral disc separates adjacent vertebrae.
Each disc is thinnest in the cervical region and progressively thicker towards the lumbar region.
They absorb shock and contribute to the flexibility of the vertebral column.
Each intervertebral disc is composed of:
- The nucleus pulposus, a soft, pulpy, yellowish elastic material
- The annulus fibrosus, a concentric ring of fibrous tissue and fibrocartilage.
With age, the disc dehydrates and loses height.

Vertebral Column Curvatures

The adult human vertebral column possesses four curves:
- Two primary curves (thoracic curve, sacral curve)
- Two secondary curves (cervical curve, lumbar curve)

Common Bone Disorders

Osteomalacia and Rickets are disorders characterized by poor mineralization of the bone, caused by a lack of vitamin D and calcium phosphate.
Bony spurs are abnormal projections on a bone caused by overgrowth.
Osteoporosis is a condition where bone mineral density and bone mass decrease, making the bones more vulnerable to fractures.
Osteogenesis imperfecta is a genetic condition where bone density is decreased because of a mutation in the collagen gene.
Paget's disease is characterized by high rates of bone resorption and deposition, leading to abnormal bone formation.

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Description

Test your knowledge of the skull, sutures, and vertebral column. This quiz covers the anatomy and classifications of skull bones, types of fractures, and details about sutures and the vertebral skeleton. Perfect for students learning about human anatomy!