40 Questions
What is the primary concern of the Singleton pattern?
Restricting the instantiation of a class and ensuring that only one instance of the class exists in the Java virtual machine.
What are some of the common concepts in implementing the Singleton pattern?
Private constructor to restrict instantiation of the class from other classes, private static variable of the same class that is the only instance of the class, and public static method that returns the instance of the class.
What is eager initialization in the context of the Singleton pattern?
Creating the instance of the Singleton class at the time of class loading.
What is the purpose of the public static method in the Singleton pattern?
To provide a global access point to get the instance of the class.
What are some of the design patterns and classes that use the Singleton pattern?
Abstract Factory, Builder, Prototype, Facade, java.lang.Runtime, and java.awt.Desktop.
What issue did Java memory model have prior to Java 5 and how did Bill Pugh address it?
The Java memory model had issues with synchronizing threads and Bill Pugh addressed it by using an inner static helper class to create the Singleton class.
What is the main advantage of the Bill Pugh Singleton implementation?
It doesn't require synchronization and is easy to understand and implement.
How can reflection be used to destroy the Singleton pattern?
Reflection can be used to destroy the Singleton pattern by accessing the private constructor and creating a new instance.
What is the advantage of using an Enum to implement the Singleton design pattern?
Java ensures that any enum value is instantiated only once in a Java program.
What problem arises when implementing Serializable interface in a Singleton class?
When deserializing the Singleton class, it will create a new instance of the class.
What is the main drawback of using eager initialization and static block initialization in Singleton classes?
The main drawback is that the instance of the class is created even before it's being used, which is not the best practice.
What is the problem with the lazy initialization approach in a multithreaded environment?
The problem is that multiple threads can enter the if loop at the same time, causing the Singleton pattern to be destroyed and each thread getting a different instance of the Singleton class.
How does the synchronized method in the ThreadSafeSingleton class ensure thread safety?
The synchronized method ensures that only one thread can execute the getInstance method at a time, thereby preventing multiple instances of the Singleton class.
What is the purpose of using double-checked locking in the getInstanceUsingDoubleLocking method?
The purpose is to reduce the overhead of synchronization by only synchronizing the critical section of code that creates the instance of the Singleton class.
Why is exception handling possible in the static block initialization approach but not in the eager initialization approach?
In static block initialization, the instance is created in a static block, which provides an option for exception handling using a try-catch block.
What is the main advantage of using the Factory pattern, and how does it make the code more robust and flexible?
The main advantage of using the Factory pattern is that it provides an approach to code for an interface rather than an implementation, making the code more robust, less coupled, and easy to extend.
What is the primary difference between the Factory pattern and the Abstract Factory pattern?
The primary difference is that in the Factory pattern, there is a single Factory class that returns different sub-classes based on input, whereas in the Abstract Factory pattern, there is a factory class for each sub-class and an Abstract Factory class that returns the sub-class based on input.
How does the Factory pattern provide abstraction between implementation and client classes?
The Factory pattern provides abstraction between implementation and client classes through inheritance.
Explain how the Singleton pattern can be destroyed when serialization is used. Provide an example to support your answer.
The Singleton pattern can be destroyed when serialization is used because when an instance is serialized and then deserialized, a new instance is created, violating the Singleton principle. For example, in the given code, instanceOne and instanceTwo have different hash codes, which means they are two separate instances.
What is an example of a class in the JDK that uses the Factory pattern?
The java.util.Calendar, ResourceBundle, and NumberFormat getInstance() methods use the Factory pattern.
What is the purpose of the getComputer() method in the ComputerFactory class?
The purpose of the getComputer() method in the ComputerFactory class is to return an instance of a Computer sub-class based on the input parameter.
What is the primary goal of the Factory pattern, and how does it achieve it?
The primary goal of the Factory pattern is to take out the responsibility of instantiation of a class from the client program to the factory class. It achieves this by providing a way to create objects without exposing the creation logic to the client and refer to newly created object using a common interface.
Explain the role of the super class in the Factory pattern. Provide an example from the given code.
The super class in the Factory pattern is an abstract class or interface that defines the common interface for all sub-classes. In the given code, the Computer class is the super class that defines the interface for PC and Server sub-classes.
How do the PC and Server classes implement the Computer interface?
The PC and Server classes implement the Computer interface by providing their own implementations of the getRAM(), getHDD(), and getCPU() methods.
What is the purpose of the factory class in the Factory pattern?
The purpose of the factory class in the Factory pattern is to provide a way to create objects without exposing the creation logic to the client and refer to newly created object using a common interface.
What is the purpose of the ComputerAbstractFactory interface in the given code?
The purpose of the ComputerAbstractFactory interface is to provide a common interface for creating objects of different sub-classes (PC and Server) of the Computer class.
How does the ComputerFactory class provide an entry point for creating sub-classes of the Computer class?
The ComputerFactory class provides an entry point for creating sub-classes of the Computer class by accepting a ComputerAbstractFactory object as a parameter and returning a Computer object.
What is the advantage of using an abstract factory pattern in the given code?
The advantage of using an abstract factory pattern in the given code is that it allows for the creation of objects of different sub-classes (PC and Server) of the Computer class without exposing the creation logic to the client code.
What is the role of the createComputer() method in the PCFactory and ServerFactory classes?
The role of the createComputer() method in the PCFactory and ServerFactory classes is to create and return an instance of the respective sub-class (PC or Server) of the Computer class.
What is the relationship between the Computer class and its sub-classes (PC and Server)?
The Computer class is an abstract superclass, and the PC and Server classes are its concrete sub-classes.
What is the primary benefit of using the Abstract Factory pattern in terms of coding approach?
The Abstract Factory pattern provides an approach to code for interface rather than implementation.
How does the Abstract Factory pattern handle the addition of new products?
The Abstract Factory pattern can be easily extended to accommodate more products.
What is the advantage of the Abstract Factory pattern in terms of conditional logic?
The Abstract Factory pattern is robust and avoids conditional logic of the Factory pattern.
What is the purpose of the getComputer method in the ComputerFactory class?
The getComputer method returns a computer instance based on the provided factory.
What is the output of the testAbstractFactory method in the provided code?
The output will be the configuration details of both the PC and the Server.
What is the significance of the newInstance method in the javax.xml.parsers.DocumentBuilderFactory class?
The newInstance method is an example of the Abstract Factory pattern in the JDK.
How does the Abstract Factory pattern handle the creation of objects?
The Abstract Factory pattern provides a way to create objects without specifying the exact class of object.
What is the advantage of using the Abstract Factory pattern in terms of extensibility?
The Abstract Factory pattern makes it easy to add new products and factories without changing the existing code.
What is the role of the ComputerFactory class in the provided code?
The ComputerFactory class acts as a factory of factories, providing a way to create different types of computers.
What is the significance of the Abstract Factory pattern in the context of design patterns?
The Abstract Factory pattern is a 'factory of factories' that provides a way to create objects without specifying the exact class of object.
Study Notes
Singleton Pattern
- The Singleton pattern is a creational design pattern that restricts the instantiation of a class to a single instance.
- This pattern is used in situations where a single instance of a class is required, such as logging, driver objects, caching, and thread pools.
- The Singleton pattern is also used in other design patterns, such as Abstract Factory, Builder, and Facade.
- In Java, the Singleton pattern is used in core classes, such as java.lang.Runtime and java.awt.Desktop.
Implementation of Singleton Pattern
- There are several ways to implement the Singleton pattern, including:
- Eager initialization: the instance of the Singleton class is created at the time of class loading.
- Static block initialization: the instance of the Singleton class is created in a static block.
- Lazy initialization: the instance of the Singleton class is created only when it is needed.
Eager Initialization
- In eager initialization, the instance of the Singleton class is created at the time of class loading.
- This approach is simple, but it has a drawback that the instance is created even if the client application does not use it.
Static Block Initialization
- In static block initialization, the instance of the Singleton class is created in a static block.
- This approach is similar to eager initialization, but it provides an option for exception handling.
Lazy Initialization
- In lazy initialization, the instance of the Singleton class is created only when it is needed.
- This approach is useful when the Singleton class is resource-intensive and the client application may not use it.
Thread-Safe Singleton
- To make the Singleton pattern thread-safe, the global access method can be made synchronized.
- However, this approach can reduce performance due to the cost of synchronization.
- An alternative approach is to use double-checked locking, which is a more efficient way to ensure thread safety.
Bill Pugh Singleton Implementation
- The Bill Pugh Singleton implementation is a widely used approach to implement the Singleton pattern.
- This approach uses an inner static helper class to create the Singleton instance.
Reflection and Singleton
- Reflection can be used to destroy the Singleton pattern.
- To overcome this, the Enum approach can be used to implement the Singleton pattern.
Enum Singleton
- The Enum approach is a way to implement the Singleton pattern using an Enum.
- This approach is thread-safe and ensures that the Singleton instance is created only once.
Serialization and Singleton
- When implementing the Singleton pattern with serialization, the readResolve() method should be implemented to ensure that the Singleton instance is created only once.
Factory Pattern
- The Factory pattern is a creational design pattern that provides a way to create objects without specifying the exact class of object.
- This pattern is used in situations where there are multiple sub-classes and the client program should be independent of the sub-classes.
Implementation of Factory Pattern
- The Factory pattern is implemented using a super class, sub-classes, and a factory class.
- The super class defines the common attributes and methods of the sub-classes.
- The sub-classes extend the super class and provide specific implementations.
- The factory class is responsible for creating the sub-classes based on the input provided.
Benefits of Factory Pattern
- The Factory pattern provides a way to code for interface rather than implementation.
- It removes the instantiation of actual implementation classes from the client code, making it more robust and easy to extend.
Abstract Factory Pattern
- The Abstract Factory pattern is a creational design pattern that provides a way to create families of related objects without specifying their concrete classes.
- This pattern is similar to the Factory pattern, but it provides a way to create multiple sub-classes.
- The Abstract Factory pattern is used in situations where there are multiple families of related objects.
Implementation of Abstract Factory Pattern
- The Abstract Factory pattern is implemented using a super class, sub-classes, and abstract factory classes.
- The super class defines the common attributes and methods of the sub-classes.
- The sub-classes extend the super class and provide specific implementations.
- The abstract factory classes are responsible for creating the sub-classes based on the input provided.
Benefits of Abstract Factory Pattern
-
The Abstract Factory pattern provides a way to code for interface rather than implementation.
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It removes the instantiation of actual implementation classes from the client code, making it more robust and easy to extend.### Abstract Factory Pattern
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The Abstract Factory pattern provides an approach to code for an interface rather than an implementation.
-
It is a "factory of factories" that can be easily extended to accommodate more products, such as adding a Laptop subclass and a LaptopFactory.
Benefits of Abstract Factory Pattern
- It allows coding for an interface rather than an implementation.
- It is robust and avoids conditional logic of the Factory pattern.
Examples of Abstract Factory Pattern in JDK
- javax.xml.parsers.DocumentBuilderFactory#newInstance()
- javax.xml.transform.TransformerFactory#newInstance()
- javax.xml.xpath.XPathFactory#newInstance()
Code Implementation
- The code implements the Abstract Factory pattern using PCFactory and ServerFactory to create Computer objects with different configurations.
- The getComputer method of the ComputerFactory class is used to create Computer objects.
- The output of the program shows the configurations of the PC and Server objects.
Learn about the Singleton design pattern, its principles, implementation, and concerns. A creational pattern that is seemingly simple but has many implementation issues.
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