T3 L6: Affective Disorders: Neurobiology and Treatment (AC)
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Questions and Answers

Which neurotransmitters are implicated in the pathophysiology of depression?

  • GABA and glutamate
  • Serotonin and noradrenaline (correct)
  • Serotonin and dopamine
  • Dopamine and noradrenaline

    • What is the estimated heritability of major depression?

  • 60%
  • 50%
  • 85%
  • 37% (correct)

    • Which neurotransmitter system is dysfunctional in depression?

  • Serotonin and noradrenaline (correct)
  • Dopamine and noradrenaline
  • GABA and glutamate
  • Serotonin and dopamine

    • What is the primary pharmacological target for traditional antidepressants?

    <p>Serotonin transporters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of antidepressant is known to have rapid and striking antidepressant effects?

    <p>NMDAR blockers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concordance rate of bipolar disorder in monozygotic twins?

    <p>60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated heritability of bipolar disorder?

    <p>85%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gene has been associated with bipolar disorder in genome-wide association studies?

    <p>CACNA1C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the overlap between risk alleles identified in genome-wide association studies for bipolar disorder and schizophrenia?

    <p>Partial overlap</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary pharmacological target for traditional antipsychotics?

    <p>Dopamine receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter abnormality is associated with depression?

    <p>Excessive serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of short-term treatment for Bipolar Disorder?

    <p>To reduce the severity and shorten the duration of the acute episode</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug category is used for the prevention of depression in Bipolar Disorder?

    <p>Anticonvulsants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential adverse effect of Lithium treatment?

    <p>Kidney dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug category has a risk of inducing mania in Bipolar Disorder?

    <p>Antidepressants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of stopping Lithium abruptly in Bipolar Disorder treatment?

    <p>Exacerbation of manic relapses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential adverse effect of Valproate treatment in Bipolar Disorder?

    <p>Liver damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential adverse effect of 2nd generation antipsychotics in Bipolar Disorder treatment?

    <p>Weight gain and metabolic syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential disadvantage of pharmacological treatments for Bipolar Disorder?

    <p>Poor adherence and long-term compliance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a cause of neurodevelopmental defects in pregnancy related to Bipolar Disorder treatment?

    <p>Valproate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a learning outcome for the module?

    <p>Describing the historical classification of mood disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the current classification system for mood disorders?

    <p>None of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what are the factors involved in the etiology of depression?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Dr. Alessandro Colasanti in relation to the module?

    <p>Consultant Psychiatrist at OpCourage TILS Veterans service</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of the module?

    <p>Neurobiology of affective disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the historical classification of mood disorders mentioned in the text?

    <p>Endogenous vs. reactive depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of OpCourage TILS Veterans service in relation to the module?

    <p>None of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of the Immunopsychiatry Research clinic?

    <p>Psychiatric research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which classification systems do not rely on the classification between reactive and endogenous depression?

    <p>The DSM and the ICD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of the module?

    <p>The clinical aspects of depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concordance rate of bipolar disorder in monozygotic twins?

    <p>40-70%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential adverse effect of Valproate treatment in Bipolar Disorder?

    <p>Hepatotoxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach to understanding psychiatric syndromes was discussed in the previous lecture?

    <p>Phenomenology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of today's lecture on affective disorders?

    <p>Objective data on causes and treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How were the treatments for psychiatric disorders historically chosen?

    <p>Through serendipity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the emphasis when selecting medications for mood disorders?

    <p>Drug tolerability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT considered a genetic cause of depression?

    <p>Mood disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why no convincing loci have been identified in genetic studies of depression?

    <p>Heterogeneity in underlying genetic causes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the interaction demonstrated by Caspi in the study mentioned in the text?

    <p>Interaction between genetic and environmental factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the serotonin transporter gene polymorphism mentioned in the text?

    <p>Determining the reuptake rate of serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary hormone involved in the negative feedback regulation of cortisol release?

    <p>Cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the state of cortisol primarily observed in people with depression?

    <p>High cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition characterized by an increase in cortisol levels?

    <p>Cushing's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural changes are observed in the brain of individuals with depression?

    <p>Decrease in hippocampus size and increase in ventricle size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain regions are important in emotional reward processing?

    <p>The amygdala and the nucleus accumbens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the ventral lateral frontal cortex?

    <p>Integration of top-down voluntary control with autonomic control of emotions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the anterior cingulate cortex and the medial prefrontal cortex?

    <p>Integration of top-down voluntary control with autonomic control of emotions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rationale for focusing on serotonin in the treatment of depression?

    <p>Historical evidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which imaging technique has molecular specificity and can be used to measure the density of the five H2 transporter in the brain?

    <p>Positron emission tomography (PET)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential relationship between the reduction in 5G transport and depression?

    <p>Reduction in 5G transport and depression have a reciprocal relationship</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of administering dexamethasone in the evening before going to bed?

    <p>To activate the feedback of the glucocorticoid receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the pet study using a particular ligand binding to the five H2 receptor demonstrate in people with depression?

    <p>Alteration in the release of serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment has a potentially drastic reduction of serious depressive symptoms in a matter of two days?

    <p>Ketamine infusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a concern when giving ketamine many times to a person with recurrent depression?

    <p>Clinical concern</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is ketamine potentially replacing or being an alternative of?

    <p>Electroconvulsive treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential disadvantage of ketamine treatment?

    <p>Tolerability issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary pharmacological target for traditional antidepressants?

    <p>Serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated heritability of major depression?

    <p>90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

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