Psychology condense p 70-77 Self-Identity and Classical Conditioning
48 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the term for the process where a child's development is hindered due to unresolved conflicts at a particular stage?

  • Regression
  • Latency
  • Sublimation
  • Fixation (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a stage in Freud's theory of psychosexual development?

  • Anal
  • Phallic
  • Genital
  • Sensorimotor (correct)

Which of the following stages in Freudian theory are associated with the development of social and communication skills?

  • Phallic Stage
  • Genital Stage
  • Latent Period (correct)
  • Anal Stage

According to Erikson's theory, personality development occurs throughout the _____.

<p>Lifespan (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud, what is the primary focus of the Genital stage?

<p>Focusing on the needs of others (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between Freud's and Erikson's theories on development?

<p>Erikson highlighted the importance of social and cultural influences, while Freud emphasized purely biological factors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Vygotsky's sociocultural development theory?

<p>Children passively receive knowledge from adults (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the virtue associated with the "Trust vs. Mistrust" stage according to Erikson?

<p>Hope (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud, what is the source of energy that drives psychological development?

<p>Libido (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theorist argued that moral reasoning develops through a series of stages?

<p>Lawrence Kohlberg (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary outcome of successful resolution of each stage in Erikson's theory?

<p>Acquisition of basic virtues and a healthy personality (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage in Freud's theory focuses on the development of control and independence?

<p>Anal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud, what is the potential outcome of fixation in the Anal Stage?

<p>Problems with orderliness and messiness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between Freud and Erikson's theories of development?

<p>Freud focuses on childhood, while Erikson focuses on the entire lifespan (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main concern for parents during the "Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt" stage, according to Erikson?

<p>Encouraging the child's independence and exploration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage does the Oedipus complex develop according to Freud?

<p>Phallic Stage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary driver behind the development of rivalry between two groups, according to the text?

<p>The need to maintain self-esteem. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the information provided, what is the key difference between self-esteem and self-efficacy?

<p>Self-esteem is about valuing oneself, while self-efficacy is about believing in one's capabilities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a source of self-efficacy, according to the text?

<p>Maintaining a perfect track record. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of a person with a strong sense of self-efficacy, as described by the text?

<p>They are quick to recover from setbacks. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between self-esteem and self-efficacy?

<p>A person with high self-esteem is more likely to have high self-efficacy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main concept behind 'locus of control' as explained in the text?

<p>The belief in one's ability to influence events in life. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of the 'Obedience vs. Punishment' stage of Kohlberg's moral development?

<p>Following rules to avoid punishment, regardless of the situation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of early childhood in Freud's psychosexual theory of development?

<p>It is the foundation for later stages of development. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest is the result of successfully completing all 5 stages of Freud's psychosexual theory?

<p>A healthy and mature individual. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Vygotsky, what is the 'zone of proximal development'?

<p>The gap between what a child can do independently and what they can do with assistance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a stage of Kohlberg's moral development?

<p>Pre-operational (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Kohlberg, what is the defining characteristic of the 'Good Boy and Good Girl' stage?

<p>Seeking approval from others and conforming to group norms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of 'private speech' in Vygotsky's theory?

<p>A means of planning and regulating behavior. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is MOST closely associated with Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

<p>The stages of moral reasoning and decision-making. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Heinz Dilemma, what is the moral conflict presented?

<p>Whether or not a person should obey the law even if it means going against their personal beliefs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Vygotsky's concept of the 'zone of proximal development' for education?

<p>It highlights the crucial role of collaboration and scaffolding in supporting learning. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Mead's concept of social behaviorism?

<p>How identity is formed through communication with certain people (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage do children begin to engage in pretend role play?

<p>Play stage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the 'game stage' in Mead's theory?

<p>Children develop an understanding of multiple societal roles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Piaget's concept related to a child's inability to take the perspective of others is known as what?

<p>Egocentrism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'Me' represent in Mead's theory?

<p>The social self shaped by the perceptions of others (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the 'I' in Mead's theoretical framework?

<p>It represents a person's reaction to external expectations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the preparatory stage of development according to Mead?

<p>Imitating behaviors without understanding their purpose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Mead, what is a significant outcome of the game stage?

<p>Children realize they can adopt multiple roles simultaneously (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential characteristic of universal ethical principles?

<p>They vary based on individual interpretation and may not fit the law. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do mirror neurons play in social influence?

<p>They activate both when performing and observing an action. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes 'roles' in a social context?

<p>They help standardize behaviors through accepted norms and expectations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do reference groups influence an individual's decisions?

<p>They provide external standards that individuals use for self-evaluation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect differentiates George Herbert Mead from Charles Cooley in their theories on self-perception?

<p>Mead viewed the self in terms of social dynamics, while Cooley prioritized personal feelings. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor that contributes to socialization within a culture?

<p>The interaction with people and cultural practices in one's environment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does imitation indicate about an individual's social development?

<p>It reflects a deep understanding of social differences from an early age. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when social norms are not followed within a role?

<p>Disapproval from the group is likely to occur. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Self-efficacy

The belief that we are capable of succeeding in a situation, developed by Bandora to address the limitations of self esteem.

Strong Self-efficacy

People with strong self-efficacy recover quickly from setbacks, have strong interest, strong sense of commitment, and enjoy challenging tasks.

Weak Self-efficacy

People with weak self-efficacy focus on personal failures, avoid challenging tasks, quickly lose confidence, and believe they lack the ability to handle difficult tasks and situations.

Locus of Control

How much we believe we control events in our lives.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Internal Locus of Control

A belief that we are mostly responsible for things happening in our lives.

Signup and view all the flashcards

External Locus of Control

A belief that forces outside our control determine what happens to us.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Theories of Development

A set of theories that explain how we develop and change throughout our lives, with each stage building upon the previous one.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Psychosexual Theory

Freud's theory of development, emphasizing the importance of early childhood experiences and proposing five stages that, if completed successfully, lead to a healthy personality.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Fixation

A state of being stuck in a particular stage of development due to unresolved conflicts or unmet needs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Psychosocial Development Theory

Erikson's theory that emphasizes how a person's identity develops across their entire life through stages, each involving a conflict to be resolved.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sociocultural Development Theory

Vygotsky's theory focusing on how children learn actively through hands-on experiences and social interactions, emphasizing the role of culture and parents in cognitive development.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Moral Development Theory

Kohlberg's theory focused on moral reasoning and how individuals differentiate between right and wrong, developing through three stages.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Psychosexual Development Theory

Freud's theory that explains personality development through stages where the libido focuses on different parts of the body, influencing behavior and development.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Libido

The natural energy source in Freud's theory, driving mental and emotional processes, and focused on different body parts during development.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Oral Stage

A stage in Freud's theory where pleasure is centered around the mouth, vital for sucking and eating. It's a time of developing trust and comfort.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Anal Stage

A stage in Freud's theory where pleasure is centered around the anus, related to toilet training. This stage fosters developing control and independence.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Psychosexual Stages

Freud's theory of development, stages where fixation can lead to unhealthy personality traits.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Phallic Stage (3-6 years)

Stage where children discover gender differences, experience Oedipus/Electra complex (desire for opposite-sex parent).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Latent Stage

Stage focused on exploring beyond libido. Developing social and communication skills.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Genital Stage

Final stage with renewed focus on libido, individuals develop strong sexual interests and focus shifts from individual to others' needs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Psychosocial Development

Erikson's theory emphasizes social and cultural influences, and growth throughout life, not just childhood.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Crisis (Psychosocial Development)

A struggle between individual needs and societal expectations at each stage of development.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Successful vs. Unsuccessful Stages

Success in each stage results in acquiring virtues and a healthy personality, while failure hinders further development.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1 year)

The first stage where trust in caregivers is crucial, shaping future relationships and developing hope as a virtue.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Universal Ethical Principle

A set of personal moral guidelines that may or may not align with the law, and that an individual believes should be followed, even if it means facing consequences.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Imitation

The process of imitating others, starting with the understanding of self vs. others.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Roles & Social Norms

Social roles define what we do and who we are. Social norms are accepted standards of behavior, guiding us to act in ways that are approved of by our group.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Reference Groups

Groups that people refer to when evaluating themselves. These groups influence our values and decisions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Culture & Socialization

The culture we live in and the people around us shape our development.

Signup and view all the flashcards

The I and the Me

The unique self, our personality, is influenced by external factors (Me) and internal experiences (I).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Social Influence on Self-Concept

The idea that the way others view us plays a significant role in how we view ourselves.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mirror Neurons

Specialized brain cells that fire when we observe others perform actions. It's linked to the idea that we are born with a capacity for imitation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Social Behaviorism

Mead's theory that the mind and self develop through communication with others, highlighting the importance of social interaction in shaping our identity.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Preparatory Stage

A stage in Mead's theory where children imitate others' actions, focusing on themselves and lacking the ability to understand others' perspectives.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Play Stage

A stage in Mead's theory where children engage in role-playing, adopting different perspectives and understanding social relationships.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Game Stage

A stage in Mead's theory where children understand social norms and expectations, developing a sense of 'generalized other' - society's shared values and beliefs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Me

The internalized image of how society views an individual, shaping self-perception and behavior.

Signup and view all the flashcards

I

The spontaneous, creative, and individualistic aspect of the self, responding to the 'Me' and shaping unique actions and attitudes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Generalized Other

The internalized set of social norms, expectations, and values that individuals develop from interacting with society.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Significant Others

Individuals who are particularly influential in a person's life, shaping their values and behavior.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

The gap between what a learner can do independently and what they can achieve with the help of a more knowledgeable person. It's the ideal zone for instruction and guidance.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Language and Intellectual Adaptation

The primary way adults share information with children. It also acts as a tool for thinking and planning. Children often use it out loud to themselves (private speech).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Kohlberg's Moral Development Theory

A theory that describes how people develop their understanding of right and wrong. It focuses on how moral reasoning changes over time, from simple rules to complex ethical considerations.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Heinz Dilemma

A famous story used by Kohlberg to assess moral reasoning. It involves a man stealing a drug to save his dying wife, highlighting the ethical dilemmas of right and wrong.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pre-Conventional Morality: Obedience vs. Punishment

The first stage of Kohlberg's Moral Development, where a child's sense of right and wrong is based on avoiding punishment. This stage focuses on actions and their consequences.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pre-Conventional Morality: Individualism and Exchange

The second stage of Kohlberg's Moral Development, where children begin to understand that different people have different viewpoints. They are less focused on absolute rules.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Conventional Morality: Good Boy/Good Girl

The third stage of Kohlberg's Moral Development, where children internalize rules and see themselves as part of a group. They try to be good to gain acceptance.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Conventional Morality: Law and Order

The fourth stage of Kohlberg's Moral Development, where children understand the broader social order and the importance of laws. They prioritize maintaining the system.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Classical Conditioning

  • Example: Eating healthy chocolate every time you crave chocolate.
  • Deprivation: Removing something completely is problematic and can increase desire.

Individuals and Society

Self-Identity

  • Self-concept: How someone perceives and evaluates themselves (self-awareness).
  • Development has two parts: Existential self (basic sense of being separate) and categorical self (realizing separation and awareness of others).
  • Categorical self develops once babies realize they are separate beings and notice differences such as age, gender, skills, and size, which influence self-awareness.
  • Carl Rogers (Humanistic Theory): Self-concept has three components: self-image (belief of self), self-esteem (value placed on self), and ideal-self (aspirations).
  • When ideal-self and real-self align, it results in a positive self-concept; mismatch leads to incongruity.
  • Social Identity Theory: Identities are personal and social. Humans categorize themselves and others to make pre-judgments. Following this, identification occurs, where belonging to a social group becomes tied to self-esteem.

Self-Esteem, Self-Efficacy, and Locus of Control

  • Self-esteem: Respect and regard for oneself.
  • Self-efficacy: Belief in one's ability to succeed in a situation (developed by Bandura).
  • People with strong self-efficacy recover quickly from setbacks and enjoy challenges, while those with weak self-efficacy avoid challenges and quickly lose confidence.
  • Locus of control: The degree to which people perceive they control events in their lives (internal vs. external).

Theories of Development

  • Freud: Psychosexual theory, crucial first five years (Mnemonic: OLD AGE PARROTS LOVE GRAPES; Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latent, Genital)

  • Erikson: Psychosocial theory, encompassing entire lifespan, with conflicts and resolutions at each stage.

    • Trust vs Mistrust (1 year), Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt (2 years), Initiative vs Guilt (3-5 years)
    • Industry vs Inferiority (6-12 years), Identity vs Role Confusion (12-18 years), Intimacy vs Isolation (40-65 years)
    • Generativity vs Stagnation (40-65 years), Integrity vs Despair (65+ years)

  • Vygotsky: Sociocultural theory, emphasizing interactions with others in learning and cognitive development.

    • Zone of proximal development, emphasizing the space between what a student can do independently and what they can do with assistance.

  • Kohlberg: Moral development, based on cognitive development.

    • Pre-conventional (obedience/punishment, individualism/exchange).
    • Conventional (good boy/good girl, law and order).
    • Post-conventional (social contract, universal ethical principals).

Social Influences

  • Imitation: A basic social behavior, where individuals copy others' actions.
  • Mirror neurons: Neural impulses that allow imitation and shared experiences.
  • Roles and Social Norms: Expected standards of behavior within a group.
  • Reference groups: The groups to which individuals look to evaluate themselves.
  • Mead: Developed the idea of "I" and "me" in terms of social self-development.
  • 3 Stages: Preparatory (imitation), Play (role-playing), and Game (understanding of generalized other).

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Psychology Concise Notes PDF

Description

Explore the concepts of classical conditioning and self-identity. This quiz covers topics such as Carl Rogers' self-concept components and the development of self-awareness. Understand how these concepts influence perception and behavior in individuals and society.

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser