Psychology condense p 70-77 Self-Identity and Classical Conditioning

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Questions and Answers

What is the term for the process where a child's development is hindered due to unresolved conflicts at a particular stage?

Regression

Latency

Sublimation

Fixation (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a stage in Freud's theory of psychosexual development?

Anal

Phallic

Genital

Sensorimotor (correct)

Which of the following stages in Freudian theory are associated with the development of social and communication skills?

Phallic Stage

Genital Stage

Latent Period (correct)

Anal Stage

According to Erikson's theory, personality development occurs throughout the _____.

Lifespan Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud, what is the primary focus of the Genital stage?

Focusing on the needs of others Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between Freud's and Erikson's theories on development?

Erikson highlighted the importance of social and cultural influences, while Freud emphasized purely biological factors. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Vygotsky's sociocultural development theory?

Children passively receive knowledge from adults Signup and view all the answers

What is the virtue associated with the "Trust vs. Mistrust" stage according to Erikson?

Hope Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud, what is the source of energy that drives psychological development?

Libido Signup and view all the answers

Which theorist argued that moral reasoning develops through a series of stages?

Lawrence Kohlberg Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary outcome of successful resolution of each stage in Erikson's theory?

Acquisition of basic virtues and a healthy personality Signup and view all the answers

Which stage in Freud's theory focuses on the development of control and independence?

Anal Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud, what is the potential outcome of fixation in the Anal Stage?

Problems with orderliness and messiness Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between Freud and Erikson's theories of development?

Freud focuses on childhood, while Erikson focuses on the entire lifespan Signup and view all the answers

What is the main concern for parents during the "Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt" stage, according to Erikson?

Encouraging the child's independence and exploration Signup and view all the answers

During which stage does the Oedipus complex develop according to Freud?

Phallic Stage Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary driver behind the development of rivalry between two groups, according to the text?

The need to maintain self-esteem. Signup and view all the answers

Based on the information provided, what is the key difference between self-esteem and self-efficacy?

Self-esteem is about valuing oneself, while self-efficacy is about believing in one's capabilities. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a source of self-efficacy, according to the text?

Maintaining a perfect track record. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of a person with a strong sense of self-efficacy, as described by the text?

They are quick to recover from setbacks. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between self-esteem and self-efficacy?

A person with high self-esteem is more likely to have high self-efficacy. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main concept behind 'locus of control' as explained in the text?

The belief in one's ability to influence events in life. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of the 'Obedience vs. Punishment' stage of Kohlberg's moral development?

Following rules to avoid punishment, regardless of the situation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of early childhood in Freud's psychosexual theory of development?

It is the foundation for later stages of development. Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest is the result of successfully completing all 5 stages of Freud's psychosexual theory?

A healthy and mature individual. Signup and view all the answers

According to Vygotsky, what is the 'zone of proximal development'?

The gap between what a child can do independently and what they can do with assistance. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a stage of Kohlberg's moral development?

Pre-operational Signup and view all the answers

According to Kohlberg, what is the defining characteristic of the 'Good Boy and Good Girl' stage?

Seeking approval from others and conforming to group norms. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of 'private speech' in Vygotsky's theory?

A means of planning and regulating behavior. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is MOST closely associated with Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

The stages of moral reasoning and decision-making. Signup and view all the answers

In the Heinz Dilemma, what is the moral conflict presented?

Whether or not a person should obey the law even if it means going against their personal beliefs. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Vygotsky's concept of the 'zone of proximal development' for education?

It highlights the crucial role of collaboration and scaffolding in supporting learning. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Mead's concept of social behaviorism?

How identity is formed through communication with certain people Signup and view all the answers

During which stage do children begin to engage in pretend role play?

Play stage Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the 'game stage' in Mead's theory?

Children develop an understanding of multiple societal roles Signup and view all the answers

Piaget's concept related to a child's inability to take the perspective of others is known as what?

Egocentrism Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'Me' represent in Mead's theory?

The social self shaped by the perceptions of others Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the 'I' in Mead's theoretical framework?

It represents a person's reaction to external expectations Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the preparatory stage of development according to Mead?

Imitating behaviors without understanding their purpose Signup and view all the answers

According to Mead, what is a significant outcome of the game stage?

Children realize they can adopt multiple roles simultaneously Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential characteristic of universal ethical principles?

They vary based on individual interpretation and may not fit the law. Signup and view all the answers

What role do mirror neurons play in social influence?

They activate both when performing and observing an action. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes 'roles' in a social context?

They help standardize behaviors through accepted norms and expectations. Signup and view all the answers

How do reference groups influence an individual's decisions?

They provide external standards that individuals use for self-evaluation. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect differentiates George Herbert Mead from Charles Cooley in their theories on self-perception?

Mead viewed the self in terms of social dynamics, while Cooley prioritized personal feelings. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor that contributes to socialization within a culture?

The interaction with people and cultural practices in one's environment. Signup and view all the answers

What does imitation indicate about an individual's social development?

It reflects a deep understanding of social differences from an early age. Signup and view all the answers

What happens when social norms are not followed within a role?

Disapproval from the group is likely to occur. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Classical Conditioning

Example: Eating healthy chocolate every time you crave chocolate.
Deprivation: Removing something completely is problematic and can increase desire.

Individuals and Society

Self-Identity

Self-concept: How someone perceives and evaluates themselves (self-awareness).
Development has two parts: Existential self (basic sense of being separate) and categorical self (realizing separation and awareness of others).
Categorical self develops once babies realize they are separate beings and notice differences such as age, gender, skills, and size, which influence self-awareness.
Carl Rogers (Humanistic Theory): Self-concept has three components: self-image (belief of self), self-esteem (value placed on self), and ideal-self (aspirations).
When ideal-self and real-self align, it results in a positive self-concept; mismatch leads to incongruity.
Social Identity Theory: Identities are personal and social. Humans categorize themselves and others to make pre-judgments. Following this, identification occurs, where belonging to a social group becomes tied to self-esteem.

Self-Esteem, Self-Efficacy, and Locus of Control

Self-esteem: Respect and regard for oneself.
Self-efficacy: Belief in one's ability to succeed in a situation (developed by Bandura).
People with strong self-efficacy recover quickly from setbacks and enjoy challenges, while those with weak self-efficacy avoid challenges and quickly lose confidence.
Locus of control: The degree to which people perceive they control events in their lives (internal vs. external).

Theories of Development

Freud: Psychosexual theory, crucial first five years (Mnemonic: OLD AGE PARROTS LOVE GRAPES; Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latent, Genital)
Erikson: Psychosocial theory, encompassing entire lifespan, with conflicts and resolutions at each stage.
- Trust vs Mistrust (1 year), Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt (2 years), Initiative vs Guilt (3-5 years)
- Industry vs Inferiority (6-12 years), Identity vs Role Confusion (12-18 years), Intimacy vs Isolation (40-65 years)
- Generativity vs Stagnation (40-65 years), Integrity vs Despair (65+ years)
Vygotsky: Sociocultural theory, emphasizing interactions with others in learning and cognitive development.
- Zone of proximal development, emphasizing the space between what a student can do independently and what they can do with assistance.
Kohlberg: Moral development, based on cognitive development.
- Pre-conventional (obedience/punishment, individualism/exchange).
- Conventional (good boy/good girl, law and order).
- Post-conventional (social contract, universal ethical principals).

Imitation: A basic social behavior, where individuals copy others' actions.
Mirror neurons: Neural impulses that allow imitation and shared experiences.
Roles and Social Norms: Expected standards of behavior within a group.
Reference groups: The groups to which individuals look to evaluate themselves.
Mead: Developed the idea of "I" and "me" in terms of social self-development.
3 Stages: Preparatory (imitation), Play (role-playing), and Game (understanding of generalized other).

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Description

Explore the concepts of classical conditioning and self-identity. This quiz covers topics such as Carl Rogers' self-concept components and the development of self-awareness. Understand how these concepts influence perception and behavior in individuals and society.